Stem cells as a potential therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease of neonates, especially those born prematurely, that remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Although current treatments such as inotropes, antibiotics and ventilation are supportive, there is an urgent need for novel therapies that specifically target the affected intestine. AREAS COVERED: We briefly introduce the disease and the effects on intestinal epithelia. We provide a brief description of amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells, and then describe some recent data in which AFS cells were beneficial in an animal model of NEC and a potential mechanism is described. The effects of AFS cells are compared with data on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The potential implications of these findings for therapy are discussed. EXPERT OPINION: The current data are promising and demonstrate that stem cells do have an effect in rodent models of NEC. However, the short timescale, limited ability for longitudinal evaluation and uncertain clinical relevance of these models means that there are considerable challenges to be overcome before attempting stem cell therapy in clinical trials. Nevertheless, these data open up novel areas of research into a prevention or therapy for this devastating disease.