Effect of Self-Selected and Induced Slow and Fast Paddling on Atroke Kinematics During 1000 m Outrigger Canoeing Ergometry.

This study aimed to identify the effect of different stroke rates on various kinematic parameters during 1000 m outrigger canoeing. Sixteen, experienced female outrigger canoeists completed three 1000 m outrigger ergometer time trials, one trial each using a self-selected, a Hawaiian (≤ 55 strokes·min(-1)) and a Tahitian (≥ 65 strokes·min(-1)) stroke rate. Stroke rate, stroke length, stroke time, proportion of time spent in propulsion and recovery, torso flexion angle and 'twist' were measured and compared with repeated measures ANOVAs. Stroke rate, stroke length and stroke time were significantly different across all interventions (p < 0.05) despite no difference in the percentage of time spent in the propulsive and recovery phases of the stroke. Stroke length and stroke time were negatively correlated to stroke rate for all interventions (r = -0.79 and -0.99, respectively). Female outrigger canoeists maintain consistent stroke kinematics throughout a 1000 m time trial, most likely as a learned skill to maximize crew paddling synchrony when paddling on-water. While the Hawaiian stroke rate resulted in the greatest trunk flexion movement and 'twist' action, this potential increased back injury risk may be offset by the slow stroke rate and long stroke length and hence slow rate of force development. Key pointsAs outrigger canoeing stroke rate increased, stroke length decreased but the proportion of the stroke time spent in the propulsive phase was kept consistent.The outrigger canoeing technique involved a similar amount of torso flexion-extension movement to rowing, with an additional twisting motion of the torso evidenced, that may increase the risk of back injury.A slower stroke rate, to lessen the rate of force production, may minimize potential back injury in outrigger canoeists and dragon boat paddlers.