BACKGROUND AND STUDY DESIGN: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease compared with female BC and our current understanding regarding breast carcinogenesis in men has been largely extrapolated from the female counterpart. We focus on differences between the ethical issues related to male and female BC patients. A systematic literature search by using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), was carried out to provide a synopsis of the current research in the field of MBC genetics, epigenetics and ethics. Original articles and reviews published up to September 2012 were selected by using the following search key words to query the PubMed website: 'male breast cancer', 'male breast cancer and genetic susceptibility', 'male breast cancer and epigenetics', 'male breast cancer and methylation', 'male breast cancer and miRNA', 'male breast cancer and ethics'. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: As in women, three classes of breast cancer genetic susceptibility (high, moderate, and low penetrance) are recognized in men. However, genes involved and their impact do not exactly overlap in female and male BC. Epigenetic alterations are currently scarcely investigated in MBC, however, the different methylation and miRNA expression profiles identified to date in female and male BCs suggest a potential role for epigenetic alterations as diagnostic biomarkers. Overall, much still needs to be learned about MBC and, because of its rarity, the main effort is to develop large consortia for moving forward in understanding MBC and improving the management of MBC patients on a perspective of gender medicine.
BACKGROUND AND STUDY DESIGN: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease compared with female BC and our current understanding regarding breast carcinogenesis in men has been largely extrapolated from the female counterpart. We focus on differences between the ethical issues related to male and female BC patients. A systematic literature search by using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), was carried out to provide a synopsis of the current research in the field of MBC genetics, epigenetics and ethics. Original articles and reviews published up to September 2012 were selected by using the following search key words to query the PubMed website: 'male breast cancer', 'male breast cancer and genetic susceptibility', 'male breast cancer and epigenetics', 'male breast cancer and methylation', 'male breast cancer and miRNA', 'male breast cancer and ethics'. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: As in women, three classes of breast cancer genetic susceptibility (high, moderate, and low penetrance) are recognized in men. However, genes involved and their impact do not exactly overlap in female and male BC. Epigenetic alterations are currently scarcely investigated in MBC, however, the different methylation and miRNA expression profiles identified to date in female and male BCs suggest a potential role for epigenetic alterations as diagnostic biomarkers. Overall, much still needs to be learned about MBC and, because of its rarity, the main effort is to develop large consortia for moving forward in understanding MBC and improving the management of MBC patients on a perspective of gender medicine.
Entities:
Keywords:
epigenetic alterations; ethics; genetic susceptibility; male breast cancer; methylation; miRNAs
Authors: Valentina Silvestri; Goska Leslie; Daniel R Barnes; Bjarni A Agnarsson; Kristiina Aittomäki; Elisa Alducci; Irene L Andrulis; Rosa B Barkardottir; Alicia Barroso; Daniel Barrowdale; Javier Benitez; Bernardo Bonanni; Ake Borg; Saundra S Buys; Trinidad Caldés; Maria A Caligo; Carlo Capalbo; Ian Campbell; Wendy K Chung; Kathleen B M Claes; Sarah V Colonna; Laura Cortesi; Fergus J Couch; Miguel de la Hoya; Orland Diez; Yuan Chun Ding; Susan Domchek; Douglas F Easton; Bent Ejlertsen; Christoph Engel; D Gareth Evans; Lidia Feliubadalò; Lenka Foretova; Florentia Fostira; Lajos Géczi; Anne-Marie Gerdes; Gord Glendon; Andrew K Godwin; David E Goldgar; Eric Hahnen; Frans B L Hogervorst; John L Hopper; Peter J Hulick; Claudine Isaacs; Angel Izquierdo; Paul A James; Ramunas Janavicius; Uffe Birk Jensen; Esther M John; Vijai Joseph; Irene Konstantopoulou; Allison W Kurian; Ava Kwong; Elisabetta Landucci; Fabienne Lesueur; Jennifer T Loud; Eva Machackova; Phuong L Mai; Keivan Majidzadeh-A; Siranoush Manoukian; Marco Montagna; Lidia Moserle; Anna Marie Mulligan; Katherine L Nathanson; Heli Nevanlinna; Joanne Ngeow; Liene Nikitina-Zake; Kenneth Offit; Edith Olah; Olufunmilayo I Olopade; Ana Osorio; Laura Papi; Sue K Park; Inge Sokilde Pedersen; Pedro Perez-Segura; Annabeth H Petersen; Pedro Pinto; Berardino Porfirio; Miquel Angel Pujana; Paolo Radice; Johanna Rantala; Muhammad U Rashid; Barak Rosenzweig; Maria Rossing; Marta Santamariña; Rita K Schmutzler; Leigha Senter; Jacques Simard; Christian F Singer; Angela R Solano; Melissa C Southey; Linda Steele; Zoe Steinsnyder; Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet; Yen Yen Tan; Manuel R Teixeira; Soo H Teo; Mary Beth Terry; Mads Thomassen; Amanda E Toland; Sara Torres-Esquius; Nadine Tung; Christi J van Asperen; Ana Vega; Alessandra Viel; Jeroen Vierstraete; Barbara Wappenschmidt; Jeffrey N Weitzel; Greet Wieme; Sook-Yee Yoon; Kristin K Zorn; Lesley McGuffog; Michael T Parsons; Ute Hamann; Mark H Greene; Judy A Kirk; Susan L Neuhausen; Timothy R Rebbeck; Marc Tischkowitz; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Antonis C Antoniou; Eitan Friedman; Laura Ottini Journal: JAMA Oncol Date: 2020-08-01 Impact factor: 31.777
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