A comparative analysis of reduced arterial models for hemodynamic monitoring.

We performed a comparative analysis of reduced arterial models. These models are characterized by a few parameters that can be uniquely estimated from the limited measurements often available in practice. Hence, they offer a means to improve hemodynamic monitoring. We specifically describe Windkessel, transmission-line, and recursive difference equation models, show how they are related, pinpoint their capabilities and limitations, and review how we have applied them for less invasive cardiac output monitoring.