Characterization of small-field stereotactic radiosurgery beams with modern detectors.

To derive accurate beam models for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) planning it is necessary to characterize the beam with dosimetric measurements. The aim of this study is to identify the best detectors for each task in the characterization process. Output ratios, beam profiles and percentage depth doses were measured for SRS cone diameters of 5-45 mm. Commercially available and emerging detectors were used: Gafchromic EBT2 film, an air-core fibre optic dosimeter (FOD) (developed at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney), an IBA stereotactic field diode, a PTW 60012 electron diode and an IBA cc01 small volume thimble ion chamber. Analysis of the measured data supported by baseline Monte Carlo simulation data, led to the following recommendations: (1) water-equivalent detectors (Gafchromic EBT2 film or FOD) are the preferred choice for SRS dosimetry, (2) ion chambers (including small volume chambers with high-density central electrodes) should be avoided due to volume averaging effects and energy dependence, (3) if diodes are used, corrections must be made to account for their over-response in small fields.