OBJECTIVE: Although depression is considered to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically symptoms of apathy have been strongly associated with a history of CVD in recent studies. In this study, we prospectively assess whether symptoms of apathy and depression are independent risk factors for incident CVD and stroke. METHODS: We carried out a prospective cohort study of 1810 community-dwelling older individuals (70-78 years) without a history of CVD or stroke. Symptoms of apathy and depression were assessed with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Incident CVD and stroke were assessed after 2 years follow-up. The associations of symptoms of apathy and depression with incident CVD and stroke were analyzed separately using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Symptoms of apathy and depression were present in 281 (15.5%) and 266 (14.7%) participants, respectively. Incident CVD occurred in 62 (3.5%) participants and stroke in 55 (3.1%) participants. Apathy was associated with incident CVD after adjustment for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio (OR) = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.46-4.65). Exclusion of subjects with depressive symptoms yielded a similar OR (2.94, 95% CI = 1.45-5.96, n = 1544). No association was found between depressive symptoms and incident CVD. Neither apathy symptoms nor depressive symptoms were associated with incident stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Apathy, but not depression, is a strong, independent risk factor for incident CVD. It may be a marker of underlying vascular disease. By its nature, apathy may cause non-adherence to a healthy lifestyle, diminished activities, and possibly even withdrawal from clinical care aimed at improving vascular risk profiles.
OBJECTIVE: Although depression is considered to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically symptoms of apathy have been strongly associated with a history of CVD in recent studies. In this study, we prospectively assess whether symptoms of apathy and depression are independent risk factors for incident CVD and stroke. METHODS: We carried out a prospective cohort study of 1810 community-dwelling older individuals (70-78 years) without a history of CVD or stroke. Symptoms of apathy and depression were assessed with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Incident CVD and stroke were assessed after 2 years follow-up. The associations of symptoms of apathy and depression with incident CVD and stroke were analyzed separately using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Symptoms of apathy and depression were present in 281 (15.5%) and 266 (14.7%) participants, respectively. Incident CVD occurred in 62 (3.5%) participants and stroke in 55 (3.1%) participants. Apathy was associated with incident CVD after adjustment for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio (OR) = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.46-4.65). Exclusion of subjects with depressive symptoms yielded a similar OR (2.94, 95% CI = 1.45-5.96, n = 1544). No association was found between depressive symptoms and incident CVD. Neither apathy symptoms nor depressive symptoms were associated with incident stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Apathy, but not depression, is a strong, independent risk factor for incident CVD. It may be a marker of underlying vascular disease. By its nature, apathy may cause non-adherence to a healthy lifestyle, diminished activities, and possibly even withdrawal from clinical care aimed at improving vascular risk profiles.
Authors: Julene K Johnson; Anita L Stewart; Michael Acree; Anna M Nápoles; Jason D Flatt; Wendy B Max; Steven E Gregorich Journal: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Date: 2020-02-14 Impact factor: 4.077
Authors: Jan Willem van Dalen; Lennard L van Wanrooij; Eric P Moll van Charante; Carol Brayne; Willem A van Gool; Edo Richard Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2018-10-01 Impact factor: 21.596
Authors: Lisa Sm Eurelings; Jan Willem van Dalen; Gerben Ter Riet; Eric P Moll van Charante; Edo Richard; Willem A van Gool; Osvaldo P Almeida; Tiago S Alexandre; Bernhard T Baune; Horst Bickel; Francesco Cacciatore; Cyrus Cooper; Ton Ajm de Craen; Jean-Marie Degryse; Mauro Di Bari; Yeda A Duarte; Liang Feng; Nicola Ferrara; Leon Flicker; Maurizio Gallucci; Antonio Guaita; Stephanie L Harrison; Mindy J Katz; Maria L Lebrão; Jason Leung; Richard B Lipton; Marta Mengoni; Tze Pin Ng; Truls Østbye; Francesco Panza; Letizia Polito; Dirk Sander; Vincenzo Solfrizzi; Holly E Syddall; Roos C van der Mast; Bert Vaes; Jean Woo; Kristine Yaffe Journal: Clin Epidemiol Date: 2018-04-04 Impact factor: 4.790
Authors: Dana Mohammad; Nathan Herrmann; Mahwesh Saleem; Richard H Swartz; Paul I Oh; Janelle Bradley; Parco Chan; Courtney Ellis; Krista L Lanctôt Journal: BMC Geriatr Date: 2019-06-11 Impact factor: 3.921
Authors: Jan Willem van Dalen; Lennard L Van Wanrooij; Eric P Moll van Charante; Edo Richard; Willem A van Gool Journal: Neurology Date: 2017-12-01 Impact factor: 9.910