OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between cytokine and neurotrophin expression and clinical findings, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 influenza infection. METHODS: A prospective observational clinical study was performed on 15 children with H1N1 infection, 15 controls with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and 15 non-infected children. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and neurotrophic factor (nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)) were measured using immunoenzymatic assays. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF were detected in patients with H1N1 infection compared to LRTI controls, while there was no significant variation in GDNF in the two groups. IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF levels were significantly higher in H1N1 patients with more severe clinical manifestations compared to H1N1 patients with mild clinical manifestations. Of note, IL-6 was significantly correlated with the severity of respiratory compromise and fever, while NGF up-regulation was associated with the duration of cough. No correlation was found between interleukin and neurotrophic factor expression and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: H1N1 infection induces an early and significant IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF up-regulation. The over-expression of these molecular markers is likely to play a neuroimmunomodulatory role in H1N1 infection and may contribute to airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity in infected children.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between cytokine and neurotrophin expression and clinical findings, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1influenza infection. METHODS: A prospective observational clinical study was performed on 15 children with H1N1infection, 15 controls with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and 15 non-infected children. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and neurotrophic factor (nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)) were measured using immunoenzymatic assays. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF were detected in patients with H1N1infection compared to LRTI controls, while there was no significant variation in GDNF in the two groups. IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF levels were significantly higher in H1N1patients with more severe clinical manifestations compared to H1N1patients with mild clinical manifestations. Of note, IL-6 was significantly correlated with the severity of respiratory compromise and fever, while NGF up-regulation was associated with the duration of cough. No correlation was found between interleukin and neurotrophic factor expression and outcome. CONCLUSIONS:H1N1infection induces an early and significant IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF up-regulation. The over-expression of these molecular markers is likely to play a neuroimmunomodulatory role in H1N1infection and may contribute to airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity in infected children.
Authors: Louise A Carolan; Steve Rockman; Kathryn Borg; Teagan Guarnaccia; Patrick Reading; Jennifer Mosse; Anne Kelso; Ian Barr; Karen L Laurie Journal: J Virol Date: 2015-12-30 Impact factor: 5.103
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Authors: Barbara Rath; Tim Conrad; Puja Myles; Maren Alchikh; Xiaolin Ma; Christian Hoppe; Franziska Tief; Xi Chen; Patrick Obermeier; Bron Kisler; Brunhilde Schweiger Journal: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther Date: 2017-05-12 Impact factor: 5.091
Authors: Román Alejandro García-Ramírez; Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas; Roger Quintana-Carrillo; Ángel Eduardo Camarena; Ramcés Falfán-Valencia; Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-12-14 Impact factor: 3.240