Scaffold biomaterials for nano-pathophysiology.

This review is intended to provide an overview of tissue engineering strategies using scaffold biomaterials to develop a vascularized tissue engineered construct for nano-pathophysiology. Two primary topics are discussed. The first is the biological or synthetic microenvironments that regulate cell behaviors in pathological conditions and tissue regeneration. Second is the use of scaffold biomaterials with angiogenic factors and/or cells to realize vascularized tissue engineered constructs for nano-pathophysiology. These topics are significantly overlapped in terms of three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of cells and blood vessels. Therefore, this review focuses on neovascularization of 3-D scaffold biomaterials induced by angiogenic factors and/or cells. The novel strategy of this approach in nano-pathophysiology is to utilize the vascularized tissue engineered construct as a tissue model to predict the distribution and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of a drug delivery system with different physicochemical and biological properties.