The association between patients' beliefs about medicines and adherence to drug treatment after stroke: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVES: Adherence to preventive drug treatment is a clinical problem and we hypothesised that patients' beliefs about medicines and stroke are associated with adherence. The objective was to examine associations between beliefs of patients with stroke about stroke and drug treatment and their adherence to drug treatment.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey.
SETTING: Patients with stroke from 25 Swedish hospitals were included. MEASUREMENTS: Questionnaires were sent to 989 patients to assess their perceptions about stroke (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, Brief IPQ), beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires, BMQ) and adherence to treatment (Medication Adherence Report Scale, MARS) 3 months after stroke onset. Only patients living at home were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was self-reported adherence as measured on MARS. MARS scores were dichotomised into adherent/non-adherent. Background and clinical data from the Swedish Stroke register were included.
RESULTS: 811 patients were still living at home and 595 answered the questionnaire. Complete MARS data were available for 578 patients and 72 (12.5%) of these were classified as non-adherent. Non-adherent patients scored lower on positive beliefs as measured on BMQ-necessity (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98) and BMQ-benefit (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.87), and higher on negative beliefs as measured on BMQ-concern (OR=1.12, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21), BMQ-overuse (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.45), and BMQ-harm (OR=1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.24). The Brief IPQ showed that non-adherent patients believed their current treatment to be less useful (p=0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: This study showed associations between beliefs of Swedish patients with stroke about medicines and adherence. Positive beliefs were less common and negative more common among non-adherent. To improve adherence, patients' beliefs about medicines should be considered.

Validated questionnaires have been used to collect data on a large sample of patients.

Although only a minority of patients reported non-adherent behaviour, associations between beliefs and adherence were statistically significant.

The cross-sectional design made it impossible to draw conclusions about causality.

Introduction

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Sweden and causes great suffering among survivors and claims vast amounts of resources. Preventive treatment is of great importance and secondary preventive drug treatment is recommended to most patients with stroke to prevent recurrent strokes.1 Patients’ adherence to prescribed long-term and/or preventive treatment has, however, been shown to be low2 and this results in poor treatment outcomes in non-adherent patients.3 A previous study on Swedish patients with stroke showed that between 25% and 50% of patients, depending on the type of drug, discontinue secondary preventive drug treatment within 2 years after a stroke.4

Many factors have been tested for predictability of adherence.5 Some treatment or healthcare related factors, such as simplified dosage regimens or satisfaction with healthcare, have been found to associate with a higher degree of adherence. It has been more difficult to find consistent associations between demographics and psychosocial factors and adherence, possibly because of interactions between factors.5

Several theoretical models have been developed to explain associations between psychological factors and health-related behaviour in general and adherence behaviour specifically. The model most often discussed in relation to patient adherence is Howard Leventhal's self-regulatory model (SRM).6 According to an extended version of the SRM, both beliefs about medicines and illness perceptions are related to adherence.7–9 Non-adherence is often assumed to be involuntary or unintentional—that patients forget, are unable to handle, or cannot afford the drug—but non-adherence is also quite often based on a decision, sometimes called ‘intentional non-adherence’.10 Intentional non-adherence is based on personal beliefs of possible risks from the disease itself, possible risks from the treatment and with perceived need of the treatment.

Interventions to improve patients’ long-term use of drugs are, although often complex, not very effective.11 Preventive drug therapy after stroke is a long-term and asymptomatic treatment and to improve adherence it might be important to consider patients’ beliefs about medicines and stroke. We hypothesised that patients’ beliefs about medicines and stroke are associated with drug adherence among patients with stroke. The objectives of this study were to examine beliefs of patients with stroke about stroke and drug treatment after stroke and to investigate if these beliefs are associated with patients’ adherence to drug treatment after stroke.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, questionnaire data on attitudes and beliefs about stroke and medicines have been merged with clinical data from the Swedish stroke register (Riks-Stroke). The study questionnaire and the follow-up questionnaire from the stroke register were sent to the patients 3 months after stroke onset.

The participants in this study were all patients with stroke who were registered in Riks-Stroke from December 2011 to March 2012. Riks-Stroke was established in 1994 and since 1998 all hospitals that admit patients with acute stroke report to the register.12 In 2011, the register was estimated to cover 90.5% of all stroke cases in Sweden. All 74 hospitals participating in the stroke register were invited to participate and 25 of the hospitals volunteered. The participating hospitals are situated in 15 of the 21 counties/regions in Sweden and represent rural and urban areas. University hospitals (n=4), large non-university hospitals (n=11) and community hospitals (n=10) were included.

Only patients who, according to the stroke register, were living at home 3 months after they had suffered their stroke were included in the study. For other patients, such as patients living in institutions, non-individual routines were assumed to have too much of an effect on patient adherence.

Background information on the patient and information about the stroke event was obtained from Riks-Stroke through the patient's personal identification number. Intracerebral haemorrhages, cerebral infarctions and strokes not specified as haemorrhage or infarction (diagnosis codes ICD-10: I61, I63 and I64) are included in Riks-Stroke. The register contains patient-related information and data about care from the acute phase of the stroke and from a 3-month follow-up questionnaire.

Data on patients’ beliefs about stroke, medicines and patient adherence to treatment were collected through a questionnaire consisting of 35 questions with answers on Likert-type scales. The following three validated questionnaires were used in our study: the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ), the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires (BMQ) and the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS).

The Brief IPQ consists of nine questions aimed at examining patients’ cognitive and emotional ideas about their disease.13 The Brief IPQ has been tested in several illness groups and shows reliability and validity.13 For this study, questions have been modified to be more specific to stroke (eg, replacing the word ‘illness’ with ‘stroke’), and the face validity of the translation to Swedish was tested on a sample of Swedish patients with stroke. The answers to the first eight questions in the Brief IPQ that were used in this study (table 1) were rated on a scale from 0 to 10. The last question in the Brief IPQ is open-ended to assess what patients believe are the three most important causes of their stroke, but this question would have required qualitative analysis and, therefore, was not used.

Table 1

Back-translation of the questions in the modified Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire

Question number	Back-translation of the questions in the modified Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire
1	How much does your stroke affect your life?
2	How long do you think your stroke will affect you?
3	How much control do you feel you have over your stroke/stroke symptoms?
4	How much do you think your treatment can prevent another stroke?
5	How much do you experience symptoms from your stroke?
6	How concerned are you about having another stroke?
7	How much do you think you know about stroke?
8	How much does your stroke affect you emotionally? (eg, does it make you angry, scared, upset or depressed?)

The BMQ has been developed to assess personal beliefs about medicines.14 15 BMQ-Specific assesses patients’ beliefs about drugs prescribed for their personal use and BMQ-General assesses beliefs about medicines in general. The BMQ-Specific has two subscales (necessity and concern) with five questions each and the BMQ-General has three subscales (harm, overuse and benefit) with four questions each. Representations of the different BMQ subscales are presented in table 2. Answers to all 22 questions were scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=uncertain, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree) and a total score per BMQ scale was calculated. For individuals with one or more answers missing, the total scores of the corresponding BMQ subscales were excluded.

Table 2

Representations of the different questionnaire subscales used to assess patients’ beliefs about medicines

BMQ-Subscales	Representation of personal beliefs
BMQ-Specific
Necessity	Perceived personal need for medicine to maintain or improve own health
Concern	Perceived concern about negative effects of their own use of medicines
BMQ-General
Harm	Perceived harmful nature of medicines in general
Overuse	Perceived notion that doctors overuse or put too much trust in medicines
Benefit	Perceived potential benefits of medicines in general

BMQ, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires.

Self-rated non-adherence to treatment was the main outcome of this study and this was assessed using the 5-item version of the MARS.16 MARS and BMQ have previously been translated into Swedish with back-translation approved by the developer of the original questionnaires. The MARS-5 consists of five general statements about non-adherent behaviour (I forget to take my medicines, I alter the dose of my medicines, I stop taking my medicines for a while, I decide to miss out a dose, I take less than instructed) answered on a 5-point Likert scale (1=always, 2=often, 3=sometimes, 4=rarely, 5=never). The outcome variable was calculated as the total score on the MARS-5 and a score of 5–22 was considered non-adherent and a score of 23–25 was considered adherent. Sensitivity analyses were performed with MARS scores 21 and 20 as the cut-off for non-adherence. Individuals missing one or more answers on the MARS were excluded from the analysis because their total MARS score would not be comparable with the rest of the study population.

Power calculation

The main hypothesis of the study was that there is a difference in BMQ between adherent and non-adherent patients as defined by their MARS score. Including 388 individuals, of whom approximately half are adherent, gives the study 80% power to detect a difference of 0.2 (BMQ) between adherent and non-adherent patients if the SD for the difference is 0.7. This calculation is based on a two-tailed t test and a significance level of 0.05. To compensate for an ordinal response variable (BMQ) and a possible non-response (up to 40%), at least 650 individuals needed to be sent a questionnaire.

Statistical analyses

Differences in background and medical factors were tested using the χ2 test. The factors tested were age, sex, type of stroke, low level of consciousness at admission to hospital, history of stroke and stroke unit treatment, and the factors from the 3-month follow-up were living alone, smoking, self-reported bad general health, self-reported depression, whether dependent on help and/or support from relatives, having had a return visit to a doctor and/or nurse and self-reported difficulties with memory. Age was coded as <75 years or ≥75 years, sex as ‘Man’ or ‘Woman’, type of stroke as ‘Haemorrhage’ or ‘Other’, and difficulties with memory as ‘Never/almost never’, ‘Sometimes’ and ‘Often/constantly’. Answers to all other factors were coded ‘No’ or ‘Yes’. Factors with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between adherent and non-adherent patients were included in multivariable analyses.

The results for individual Brief IPQ questions and BMQ subscales were calculated as medians and IQR. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to test differences between adherent and non-adherent patients in illness perceptions (individual items in the Brief IPQ) and beliefs about medicines (BMQ subscales).

Besides descriptive analyses with group comparisons, the statistical analysis also included multivariable methods to control for several factors simultaneously. The outcome measure (self-reported adherence as measured with MARS) was dichotomised and logistic regression was used for multivariable analyses. For categorical covariables, ‘<75 years’, ‘Man’, ‘Haemorrhage’, ‘Never/almost never’ having difficulties with memory, and ‘No’ were chosen as reference categories. After checking the linearity assumption, the Brief IPQ scores and the BMQ scores were included as continuous covariates in the logistic regression models. Results are presented as OR with 95% CI. Only one BMQ scale at a time was included in the regression models because the objective was to study associations between different beliefs about medicines and adherence. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to test for correlations between the different BMQ subscales.

An analysis of non-responders was performed using data from the stroke register. Non-responders were compared by χ2 test to responders in regards to the same background and medical factors as described above.

Internal consistency within BMQ subscales and MARS was measured with Cronbach's α. A high value indicates high intercorrelation between items in a subscale and values over 0.7 are considered acceptable.17

Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.21.0

Results

The study questionnaire was sent to 989 patients who were discharged from hospital to their own homes. Of these, 811 were living at home 3 months after their stroke and were included for further analysis. Out of these 811, 595 (73.4%) responded to the questionnaire. Figure 1 shows a flowchart of hospitals and patients in the study.

Figure 1

Flowchart of hospitals and patients in the study.

Five hundred and seventy-eight patients had complete answers to the adherence questions (MARS) and 72 (12.5%) of these were classified as non-adherent. The proportion of patients who self-reported non-adherent behaviour (the answers ‘sometimes’, ‘often’, and ‘always’) on any of the MARS statements were 9.7% for ‘I forget to take my medicines’, 12.8% for ‘I alter the dose of my medicines’, 2.2% for ‘I stop taking my medicines for a while’, 8.4% for ‘I decide to miss out on a dose’ and 4.5% for ‘I take less than instructed’.

Differences in background and medical factors between adherent and non-adherent patients are presented in table 3. Non-adherent patients were more often men, not treated in stroke units, dependent on the help and support from relatives, had a history of stroke and more often self-reported memory difficulties compared to adherent patients.

Table 3

Patient characteristics by level of adherence. χ2 test of differences between non-adherent and adherent patients

Variable/characteristic	Non-adherent (n=72)	Adherent (n=506)	p Value
Age (years), n (%)			0.341
<75	38 (11.3)	297 (88.7)
≥75	34 (14.0)	209 (86.0)
Sex, n (%)			0.042
Men	51 (14.7)	295 (85.3)
Women	21 (9.1)	211 (90.9)
Type of stroke, n (%)			0.325
Haemorrhage	3 (7.5)	37 (92.5)
Other (ICD10 I63+I64)	69 (12.8)	469 (87.2)
Low level of consciousness at admission, n (%)			0.770
No	68 (12.4)	480 (87.6)
Yes (drowsy or unconscious)	4 (14.3)	24 (85.7)
History of stroke, n (%)			0.010
No	54 (11.0)	437 (89.0)
Yes	18 (20.9)	68 (79.1)
Treated in stroke unit, n (%)			0.016
No	6 (30.0)	14 (70.0)
Yes	66 (11.8)	491 (88.2)
3 months follow-up
Living alone, n (%)			0.241
No	45 (11.2)	357 (88.8)
Yes	25 (14.7)	145 (85.3)
Smoking, n (%)			0.303
No	64 (12.1)	463 (87.9)
Yes	8 (17.4)	38 (82.6)
Self-reported bad general health, n (%)			0.210
No	56 (11.6)	426 (88.4)
Yes	14 (16.5)	71 (83.5)
Self-reported depression, n (%)			0.147
No	51 (11.4)	396 (88.6)
Yes	18 (16.5)	91 (83.5)
Dependent on help/support from relatives, n (%)			0.015
No	26 (9.0)	263 (91.0)
Yes	43 (15.8)	230 (84.2)
Return visit, n (%)			0.521
No	7 (9.9)	64 (90.1)
Yes	60 (12.5)	419 (87.5)
Difficulties with memory, n (%)			0.014
Never or almost never	25 (11.1)	200 (88.9)
Sometimes	29 (10.7)	241 (89.3)
Often or constantly	17 (23.0)	57 (77.0)

Internal consistency for BMQ subscales and MARS, measured by Cronbach’s α, showed highest values for the BMQ-Specific scales (table 4).

Table 4

Descriptive of questionnaire scales used

Scale	Number of items in scale	Range of scores	Cronbach´s α
BMQ-Specific
Necessity	5	5–25	0.823
Concern	5	5–25	0.818
BMQ-General
Overuse	4	4–20	0.684
Harm	4	4–20	0.647
Benefit	4	4–20	0.697
MARS	5	5–25	0.723

BMQ, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires.

MARS, Medication Adherence Report Scale.

Results from question 4 on the modified Brief IPQ ‘How much do you think your current treatment can prevent another stroke? ’ showed that non-adherent patients believed their current treatment to be less useful (median=5 (IQR 3–7)) compared to adherent patients (median=7 (IQR 5–8)) and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). No other Brief IPQ-question showed a significant difference between adherent and non-adherent patients.

Results for total BMQ scale scores are presented and compared in table 5. All BMQ subscales except Necessity showed statistically significant differences between adherent and non-adherent patients in the univariate analysis.

Table 5

Scale score medians and IQR for the scales used to assess patients’ beliefs about medicines (BMQ), comparing non-adherent with adherent patients

Variable	Valid cases (n=578)	Scale score median (IQR)		Mann-Whitney U test	Adjusted with multivariable logistic regression*
		Non-adherent (n=72)	Adherent (n=506)	(p Value)	OR for a one-unit increase (95% CI)
BMQ-Specific
Necessity	558	18 (16–20)	19 (17–21)	0.079	0.90 (0.83 to 0.98)
Concern	552	14 (11–17)	12 (9–15)	<0.001	1.12 (1.05 to 1.21)
BMQ-General
Overuse	556	13 (11–14)	11 (10–13)	<0.001	1.29 (1.14 to 1.45)
Harm	544	11 (9–12.25)	10 (8–12)	0.038	1.12 (1.01 to 1.24)
Benefit	560	16 (14–16)	16 (15–18)	<0.001	0.77 (0.68 to 0.87)

*Adjusted for age, sex, history of stroke, if treated in stroke unit, dependent on help/support from relatives, difficulties with memory, Brief IPQ—question 4, and respective BMQ subscale.

BMQ, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires.

The multivariable logistic regression models showed associations between all five subscales on beliefs about medicines and non-adherence to treatment. Non-adherent patients with stroke had lower scores on the positive statements about medicines as measured on BMQ subscales Necessity (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98) and Benefit (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.87). Non-adherent patients also scored higher on the negative beliefs as measured on BMQ subscales Concern (OR=1.12, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21), Harm (OR=1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.24) and Overuse (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.45). Correlations between the different BMQ subscales were statistically significant except between Necessity and Concern (table 6).

Table 6

Correlation matrix for different scales used to test beliefs about medicines. Spearman's correlation coefficient (p Value)

	BMQ-Necessity	BMQ-Concern	BMQ-Overuse	BMQ-Harm	BMQ-Benefit
BMQ-Necessity	1
BMQ-Concern	−0.075 (0.080)	1
BMQ-Overuse	−0.226 (<0.001)	0.434 (<0.001)	1
BMQ-Harm	−0.185 (<0.001)	0.444 (<0.001)	0.558 (<0.001)	1
BMQ-Benefit	0.315 (<0.001)	−0.287 (<0.001)	−0.322 (<0.001)	−0.362 (<0.001)	1

BMQ, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaires.

Out of the 356 non-responders, 216 were still living at home 3 months after the stroke onset. Patients who responded to the questionnaire were compared to non-responders in terms of background and medical factors (the same factors were tested as in table 3). The results of this analysis showed that non-responders more often had a history of stroke (p=0.018), self-reported bad general health (p=0.001), depression (p=0.012), were living alone (p=<0.001) and were smoking (p=0.046). Non-responders had been treated in university hospitals (n=27), large non-university hospitals (n=140) and community hospitals (n=49).

The variables from Riks-Stroke with the highest numbers of missing data were, for responders (n=595), return visits (n=28) and self-reported depression (n=22) and for non-responders (n=216), return visits (n=18) and self-reported depression (n=14).

Sensitivity analyses with lower MARS scores (21 and 20) as the cut-off for non-adherence showed lower levels of non-adherence (8.8% and 5.7%, respectively) and fewer statistically significant differences in patient characteristics between adherent and non-adherent patients. Differences in BMQ between adherent and non-adherent patients remained with both cut-offs except for BMQ-Concern and BMQ-Harm when a MARS score of 20 was used as the cut-off (data not shown).

Discussion

This study showed associations between patients’ beliefs about stroke and medicines and self-rated non-adherence to drug treatment. Only 12.5% of patients were classified as non-adherent 3 months after stroke. Beliefs about medicines showed stronger associations to adherence compared to illness perceptions and non-adherent patients scored lower on positive beliefs about medicines and higher on negative beliefs.

Because having a stroke is often a serious and frightening experience, a low level of non-adherence to preventive drugs is expected only 3 months after stroke. Among the minority of patients reporting non-adherent behaviour, we showed an association between personal beliefs and adherence relatively soon after stroke. This indicates that patients who self-reported non-adherence early were patients for whom non-adherence was based on personal beliefs in medication harm and low beliefs in personal need for drugs.

Validated questionnaires have been used to collect data on a rather large sample of patients. None of the questionnaires have been validated specifically for stroke, but MARS and BMQ have been used in studies of a range of conditions that included stroke9 18 19 and Brief IPQ has been tested in myocardial infarction and diabetes.13 The study had a high power. The power calculation estimated that the questionnaire had to be sent to at least 650 patients. Because all hospitals were invited, and the number and size of volunteering hospitals were not known in advance, those volunteering made it possible to include more than 650 patients.

There is no gold standard method to measure adherence.20 Self-reported adherence measures are sometimes said to overestimate adherence because of self-presentation and recall bias, but a meta-analysis has shown that this is not always the case.20 Instructions in the questionnaire were formulated to encourage patients to answer truthfully and assured the patients that their answers would not affect future care. MARS has been used in many studies of several long-term illnesses, including chronic pain,21 asthma,7 secondary prevention of coronary heart disease9 and stroke.19 The only other option for measuring adherence would have been prescription refill data, but because Swedish prescriptions generally cover a time period of 3 months, only patients who did not buy a drug at all within the 3 months of having their stroke (primary non-adherence) would be classified as non-adherent. The proportion of primary non-adherence has been shown to be low (4–11%) for secondary prevention of stroke.22 Questions on adherence were not directed towards specific drugs or treatments and if patients were selectively adherent this was not captured. The cross-sectional design of this study made it impossible to draw conclusions about causality or to measure changes in behaviour.

In a previous study, non-adherence was found to be higher in non-responders compared to responders.23 Because adherence was self-reported in this study, non-adherence could not be estimated for non-responders. However, according to data from the stroke register non-responders more often reported poor general health or depression, more often had had a previous stroke and more often were living alone. There was a larger proportion non-adherent patients among those with a history of stroke compared to first-time strokes. Patients with a history of stroke might have different opinions or perceptions about stroke at this early point after stroke (3 months). With the larger proportion of patients with a previous stroke among non-responders, this could have affected the results on illness perceptions. There could also have been other differences between responders and non-responders that were not tested in this study that could have affected the results.

In a study from the UK on predictors of adherence to secondary preventive treatment after stroke, associations between BMQ-specific (Necessity and Concern) and adherence were tested. Statistically significant associations were found with subscale Concern.19 A study on secondary prevention of coronary heart disease found adherence to be related to BMQ subscales Necessity and Concern.9 Several studies have also shown similar results with stronger associations between adherence behaviour and beliefs about medicines than with illness perceptions.7–9 This is also in line with the extended self-regulatory model according to which illness perceptions could be directly related to adherence but also, and often stronger, indirectly through associations between illness perception and beliefs about medicines.21 The full model has not been tested in this study. This study was performed in Sweden, and although different personal beliefs sometimes reflect cultural differences the associations found in this sample were consistent with results from studies in other countries.8 9 24

In this study MARS scores were dichotomised, but in some studies they have been used as a continuous variable. The chosen cut-off allowed adherent patients to answer ‘rarely’ on two questions or ‘sometimes’ on one and this cut-off has been used in other studies.25 Changing the cut-off from 22 to 21 or 20 decreased the number of patients classified as non-adherent but only marginally changed the associations between personal beliefs and self-rated adherence.

Self-rated non-adherence in this sample was quite low 3 months after stroke, but in other studies non-adherence has been shown to increase over time.4 Declining adherence is, of course, a problem but secondary prevention is also important early after stroke.26 27 Because the results from this study and other studies showed associations between beliefs about medicines and adherence to treatment, it might be important to incorporate these questions into discussions with patients about preventing further illness. Clinical staff should try to assess patients’ views of medicines, not just informing patients about medicines or trying to convince patients to use medicines. Giving patients information and instructions is sometimes considered enough, but information is not the same as education. Patients with negative beliefs about medicines need to be identified, and questions from the BMQ could be used for this. Because preventive drugs are important early after stroke, it is important to identify these patients early. Patients with a history of stroke or patients who have used the drugs for other reasons before stroke could be more inclined to have opinions about stroke and medicines already during hospital stay. However, most patients could briefly, already at discharge from hospital, be asked about their opinion about using preventive drugs. Most interventions that have shown effect on patient adherence to long-term treatments are complex and include combinations of several steps, for example, information, self-monitoring, counselling, supportive care.11 These more complex interventions are likely more suitable for follow-up visits to hospitals or primary care visits, possibly led by specially trained nurses or trained clinical pharmacists, then for the acute inpatient phase. Patients’ perceptions or behaviours are rarely discussed in clinical guidelines.

In conclusion, although self-rated non-adherence 3 months after stroke was low, associations between patients’ beliefs about medicines and non-adherence were seen in this sample of Swedish patients with stroke. Patients’ personal beliefs need to be considered when prescribing medicines or trying to improve patients’ use of medicines.