Wolbachia and arbovirus inhibition in mosquitoes.

Wolbachia is a maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that can manipulate the reproduction of their insect hosts, and cytoplasmic incompatibility allows them to spread through mosquito populations. When particular strains of Wolbachia are transferred into certain Aedes mosquito species, the transmission capacity of important arthropod-borne viruses can be suppressed or abolished in laboratory challenges. Viral inhibition is associated with higher densities of transinfecting Wolbachia compared with wild-type strains of the bacterium. The upregulation of innate immune effectors can contribute to virus inhibition in Aedes aegypti, but does not seem to be required. Modulation of autophagy and lipid metabolism, and intracellular competition between viruses and bacteria for lipids, provide promising hypotheses for the mechanism of inhibition. Transinfecting virus-inhibiting strains can produce higher fitness costs than wild-type mosquito Wolbachia; however, this is not always the case, and the wMel strain has already been introduced to high frequency in wild Ae. aegypti populations.