Ethan A Cowan1, Ruth Macklin. 1. aDepartment of Emergency Medicine and Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center bDepartment of Epidemiology & Population Health, Dr Shoshanah Trachtenberg Frackman Faculty Scholar in Biomedical Ethics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, Bronx, New York, USA.