Taxonomic study on Korean Aphyllophorales (5) - on some unrecorded genera and species -.

A total of 149 species and 209 strains of Korean Aphyllophorales in Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC) were analyzed by taxonomic and phylogenetic methods. Among those examined fungal specimens, 9 genera Abundisporus, Antrodiella, Cyphellopsis, Dendrothele, Dichomitus, Laxitextum, Piloderma, Skeletocutis and Tubulicrinis, and 23 species, Abundisporus fuscopurpureus, Antrodiella semisupina, Auriporia pileata, Cantharellus subalbidus, Clavulina cinerea, Cyphellopsis confusa, Dendrothele acerina, Dichomitus campestris, Haplotrichum aureum, Heterobasidion annosum, Hyphoderma argillaceum, Hyphodontia tropica, Inonotus dryophilus, Ischnoderma benzoinum, Laxitextum bicolor, Phanerochaete radicata, Phellinus lonicericola, Piloderma byssinum, Skeletocutis nivea, Tomentella terrestris, Trametes elegans, Trametes tenuis, and Tubulicrinis accedens were confirmed as new to Korea and registered here with descriptions.

The Aphyllophorales of Korea is still poorly known and only a small part of about 1,200 aphyllophoroid fungi has been described (Alexopoulos et al., 1996). Until recently, the total number of species of the Aphyllophorales reported in Korea is 411, assigned in 144 genera and 23 families (Lee and Jung, 2005). Many of Korean Aphyllophorales have been reported by Jung (1992, 1994, 1995, 1996a, 1996b) and, subsequently, by Lim and Jung (1999, 2001), Lim et al. (1999, 2000), and Lee et al. (2002, 2004).

Recently, molecular techniques are becoming more important and common as means to study taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of fungi. The ribosomal RNA gene was most commonly used for molecular phylogenetic analyses because it is a ubiquitous gene that all organisms have, forming a mosaic pattern of conserved and variable regions and making phylogenetic analyses possible at many taxonomic levels (Li et al., 1985).

Through the specimen examination of Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC), 149 species and 209 strains of Korean Aphyllophorales were analyzed by taxonomic and phylogenetic methods. When the identified fungi were listed according to taxa, total 9 genera and 23 species of aphyllophoroid fungi were confirmed as unrecorded taxa to Korea.

Materials and Methods

Fungal specimens were regularly collected from Songnisan National Park in 2002, Deogyusan National Park in 2003, and Jirisan National Park in 2004~2005. Those planned investigations were conducted and, collecting sites, habitats, hosts, substrates, and fruitbody information such as morphology, color, hymenial surface or marginal zone were noted after taking photographs on the spot. Collected materials were brought to the laboratory and completely dried over mild heat up to several days. Dried specimens were deposited in the Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC).

Along with other specimens that had been deposited before 2002, the dried specimens were examined and 149 species and 209 strains of Korean Aphyllophorales were analyzed. To describe color names, the color book of Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) was referred. The measurements and drawings were made from slide preparations mounted with 3% potassium hydroxide (Hawksworth et al., 1995) and stained with aqueous phloxine (Largent et al., 1977). The iodine reaction was most commonly noticed using the Melzer's reagent (Gilbertson and Ryvarden, 1986). Microscopic examinations of specimens were observed with an optical microscope.

For the general taxonomy and descriptions of identified taxa, Donkian concept (Donk, 1964) was adopted for the Aphyllophorales. Studies of Gilbertson and Ryvarden (1986, 1987), Ryvarden and Gilbertson (1993, 1994) and Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) were referred for polypores. The classification system of Eriksson (1958), Eriksson and Ryvarden (1973, 1975, 1976), Eriksson et al. (1978, 1981, 1984), Parmasto (1968), and Lim (2001) were referred for corticioid fungi. For the search of the higher fungal flora, Jung (1992, 1994, 1995, 1996a, 1996b), Lim et al. (1999), Lim and Jung (1999, 2001) and Lee et al. (2002, 2004) were consulted. To follow modern systematics and latest scientific names, CABI Bioscience Database of Fungal Name (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp) was referred.

To provide new information on phylogenetic relationships of Korean aphyllophoroid and related fungi of the homobasidiomycetes, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial nuc-LSU rDNA from 209 examined materials and about 600 sequences retrieved from the GenBank were phylogenetically analyzed together (Lee, 2006).

Family Cantharellaceae J. Schröt. Kkaekkoeribeoseot Family

1. Cantharellus subalbidus A.H. Sm. & Morse, Mycologia 39: 510 (1947) (Figs. 1-1, 3-1) Norankkaekoeribeoseot

Basidiocarps divided into stipe and pileus; pileus greenish yellow when young, rounded with an undulating enrolled margin, 1~3 cm across, funnel-shaped; lower surface crowded with anastomosing and decurrent ridges, some ridges forked, yellowish; stipe cylindrical, solid.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, branched, 3~8 µm thick; basidia cylindrical, 35~45 × 7~7.5 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid to subglobose, smooth, 9~10 × 5 µm.

Specimen examined: On soil, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040825-131).

Remarks: This cantharelle is characterized by its greenish yellow-colored basidiocarps. Its phylogenetic placement is in the cantharelloid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Clavulinaceae (Donk) Donk Changssaribeoseot Family

2. Clavulina cinerea (Bull.) J. Schröt., Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien, III Pilze (Breslau) 3(1): 443 (1888) (Figs. 1-2, 3-2) Haesaekbeutsaribeoseot

Basidiocarps up to 9 cm tall and 5 cm wide, moderately branched, arising from a common base; individual branches often sinuous, tending to produce a flattened or crested apical growth; tips pointed or rounded; surface smooth to slightly wrinkled, gray to grayish-brown.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae 10~13 µm wide; basidia clavate, 25~37 × 6~7 µm; basidiospores hyaline, subglobose to ovoid, smooth, 7~8 × 5.5~6 µm.

Specimen examined: On soil, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040723-22).

Remarks: This species is macroscopically similar to Clavulina coralloides that has highly branched tips or teeth. Its phylogenetic placement is in the cantharelloid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Corticiaceae Herter Goyakbeoseot Family

Dendrothele Höhn. & Litsch., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 819 (1907) Bunpilgoyakbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps resupinate, mostly orbicular, crustose, thin, closely adnate, smooth or somewhat verrucose, white, grayish, to ochraceous; hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, septate with or without clamps; cystidia generally few; dendrohyphidia generally numerous; basidia clavate; basidiospores ellipsoid to oblong, smooth.

Type species: Dendrothele papillosa Höhn. & Litsch.

3. Dendrothele acerina (Pers.) P.A. Lemke, Persoonia 3(3): 366 (1965) (Figs. 1-3, 3-3) Danpungbunpilgoyokbeoseot

Basidiocarps resupinate, consisted of irregularly rounded spots of 5~10 mm in size, isolated or confluent, crustose, thin, tightly attached to the substrate; surface whitish to gray-whitish, mostly smooth, chalky; margin rather verrucose, closely appressed to the substrate and distinctly bounded.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae, dendrohyphidia, and basidia difficult to observe due to abundant crystals; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, 13~14 × 7.5~8 µm.

Specimen examined: On a dead fallen branch of Acer, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040512-17).

Remarks: This fungus is characterized by large basidiospores and occurs exclusively on Acer.

4. Haplotrichum aureum (Link) Hol.-Jech., Česká Mykol. 30(1): 4 (1976) (Figs. 1-4, 3-4) Bulgeunmusungsomtulgoyakbeoseot

Teleomorph = Botryobasidium aureum Parmasto

Basidiocarps fully resupinate, loosely attached to the substrate, forming thin, tomentose patches; hymenial surface smooth, cottony, dull, reddish-orange.

Conidiophores with transverse septa, hyaline, hyphalike, up to 15 µm wide, with capitate outgrowths; conidia hyaline, lemon-shaped, 15~17 × 12~14 µm.

Specimen examined: On the trunk of Quercus mongolica, Mt. Songni, (SFC 021010-23).

Remarks: The species is the anamorph of Botryobasidium aureum and is often confused with Haplotrichum conspersum, but the latter species has ovoid conidia. Its phylogenetic placement is in the cantharelloid clade (Lee, 2006).

5. Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk, Fungus, Wageningen 27: 14 (1957) (Figs. 1-5, 3-5) Jinheukmokjaegoyakbeoseot

Basidiocarps fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming thin waxy patches; hymenial surface finely pubescent, whitish to cream-colored when fresh, then gray to gray-whitish; margin thin; consistency waxy, soft.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 7 µm wide, septate with clamps, moderately branched; leptocystidia fusoid to subcylindrical with a basal clamp, 63~94 × 8~10 µm; basidia narrowly clavate, 19~30 × 5.2~6 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, 7~10 × 3.5~4.5 µm

Specimen examined: On a trunk of Carpinus laxiflora, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040512-08).

Remarks: Its phylogenetic position is in the phanerochaetoid-steccherinoid clade (Lee, 2006).

6. Hyphodontia tropica Wu S. H., Mycotaxon 76: 62 (2000) (Figs. 1-6, 3-6) Mirodolgigoyakbeoseot

Basidiocarps effused, adnate, membraneous, 0.3 mm thick; hymenial surface cream, pinkish cream, or buff; pores round, 5 per mm.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps, 2~4 µm wide, apically somewhat capitate; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 4~5 µm wide; cystidia hyaline, capitate, 20~40 × 5~6 µm; basidia suburniform, 13~15 × 4~5 µm; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth, 4~4.5 × 3~3.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of Quercus. Mt. Deogyu (SFC 031017-43).

Remarks: This is macroscopically similar to Schizopora paradoxa, but the latter has slightly larger pores (4/mm). Its phylogenetic placement is in the hymenochaetoid clade (Lee, 2006).

7. Phanerochaete radicata (Henn.) Nakasone, C.R. Bergman & Burds., Sydowia 46(1): 46 (1994) (Figs. 1-7, 3-7) Jureumyusaekgoyakbeoseot

Basidiocarps fully resupinate, tightly attached to substrate; hymenial surface smooth, wrinkled, white to cream-colored, ochraceous later, somewhat fissured when dry; margin whitish, filamentous; consistency waxy, soft.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae 7~8 µm wide, septate without clamps; cystidia cylindrical, thick-walled, smooth or slightly encrusted, 80 × 6~8 µm; basidia narrowly clavate, 25~30 × 5 µm; basidiospores thin-walled, ellipsoid, smooth, 6~7.5 × 4~5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a fallen branch of deciduous tree, Ulleung Island (SFC 900807-47).

Remarks: This species is characterized by its creamcolored, wrinkled hymenium. Its phylogenetic position is in the phanerochaetoid-steccherinoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Piloderma Jülich, Ber. bayer. bot. Ges. 81: 415 (1969) Yangtulgoyakbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps resupinate, generally fragile, soft, usually loosely attached and easily detached; hymenium cobweb-like at first, becoming smooth; rhizomorphs often present at the margin; hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, septate without clamps, incrusted with crystals, richly branched; basidia clavate; basidiospores globose to ellipsoid, smooth.

Type species: Piloderma bicolor (Peck) Jülich

8. Piloderma byssinum (P. Karst.) Jülich, Ber. bayer. bot. Ges. 81: 418 (1969) (Figs. 1-8, 3-8) Hinyangtulgoyakbeoseot

Basidiocarps fully resupinate, loosely attached to the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent, cottony; hymenial surface smooth, white; margin irregularly fringed with fine white rhizomorphs; rhizomorphs penetrating the substrate, white, sometimes only poorly developed; consistency cottony, soft.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thinwalled, incrusted with crystals, 5~7 µm wide, richly branched; basidia clavate, 20~25 × 4.5~5.5 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, 3.0~4.5 × 2.5~3.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of hardwood, Mt. Deogyu (SFC 030828-100).

Remarks: This fungus is characterized by its basidiocarps with membranous patches, white hymenia and margin fringed with white rhizomorphs.

Family Cyphellaceae Lotsy Cupbeoseot Family

Cyphellopsis Donk, Medded. Nedl. Mycol. Ver. 18-20: 128 (1931) Galsaekcupbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps minute, top-shaped, sessile, tomentose, ochraceous to brownish, crowded; hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, with a capitate end; basidia suburniform; basidiospores hyaline to yellowish or brownish, cylindrical to kidney-shaped, smooth.

Type species: Cyphellopsis anomala (Pers.) Donk

9. Cyphellopsis confusa D.A. Reid, Persoonia 3(1): 110 (1964) (Figs. 1-9, 3-9) Minjarugalsaekcupbeoseot

Basidiocarps spinning top-shaped, 0.3~0.5 mm high, sessile, tomentose, ochre-cinnamon brownish, densely crowded in cushion-shaped colonies.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, ending in a somewhat capitate globose, swollen apex; basidia suburniform, 25~28 × 4~5 µm; basidiospores hyaline to yellowish or brownish, cylindrical to kidney-shaped, smooth, 8.5~9.7 × 2.4~2.8 µm.

Specimen examined: On the trunk of Acer, Mt. Juwang (SFC 040115-10).

Remarks: This species is characterized by its small, brown, cup-shaped basidiocarps. Its phylogenetic position is in the euagarics clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki Sonamubinulbeoseot Family

10. Inonotus dryophilus (Berk.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 31(11): 597 (1904) (Figs. 1-10, 3-10) Marunsirubbunbeoseot

Basidiocarps sessile, bracket-like to ungulate, up to 5 × 6 cm; upper surface buff to reddish-brown, finely tomentose; pore surface white-gray to reddish-brown, rough; pores angular, 1~3 per mm.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple-septate, 3~3.5 µm wide; basidia clavate, 11~18 × 6~8 µm; basidiospores ellipsoid to ovoid, brownish, smooth, 5.3~6.3 × 3~4 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of Prunus sargentii. Mt. Jiri (SFC 980601-12).

Remarks: The reddish-brown surface and lack of setae are distinctive characters for this species. Its phylogenetic position is in the hymenochaetoid clade (Lee, 2006).

11. Phellinus lonicericola Parmasto, Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 38: 53-61 (2001) (Figs. 1-11, 3-11) Byungkkotjinheukbeoseot

Basidiocarps perennial, mostly ungulate, occasionally dimidiate, up to 8 cm wide, woody hard; upper surface brownish, matted to glabrous, concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, radially rimose and cracking; pore surface brown, dull brown to dark brown, yellowish brown; pores 7~10 per mm, with thin dissepiments; margin distinctly sterile.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin- to thick-walled, septate without clamps; setae clavate, thick-walled, subulate, 30 × 8 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid to subglobose, smooth, 3.5 × 3 µm.

Specimen examined: On a trunk of Weigela subsessilis, Mt. Worak (SFC 981217-35).

Remarks: Phellinus lonicericola occurs on a shrub like Weigela and could be confused with P. baumii, but the latter occurs usually on tall hardwood trees like Quercus and has larger basidiospores. Its phylogenetic position is in the hymenochaetoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Polyporaceae Corda Gumungjangibeoseot Family

Abundisporus Ryvarden, Belgian Journal of Botany 131(2): 154 (1999) Jasaekgumungbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps effused-reflexed to pileate, annual to perennial; pileal surface glabrous, mostly sulcate, brown to fuscous; pores small to medium, round to angular; context brown; hyphal system di-trimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps; skeletal hyphae usually straight; binding hyphae present or absent; cystidia absent; basidia subclavate; basidiospores yellowish to brownish, ellipsoid to truncate.

Type species: Abundisporus fuscopurpureus (Pers.) Ryvarden

12. Abundisporus fuscopurpureus (Pers.) Ryvarden, Belgian Journal of Botany 131(2): 154 (1999) (Figs. 1-12, 3-12) Jasaekgumungbeoseot

Basidiocarps partly resupinate, perennial, closely adnate, thin in the resupinate part, vinaceous brown to fuscous, forming a thick false pileus along upper edges; pileal surface narrow, smooth, often faintly sulcate, developing a hard dark crust; margin distinct, entire, obtuse, usually pinkish when fresh; pores 4~5 per mm, round, pale pink; tubes 1~3 mm long; context vinaceous brown, soft corky, becoming hard.

Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae septate with clamps, 2~3 µm wide; skeletal hyphae straight to moderately branched, 3~5 µm wide; basidia broadly clavate, 15~17 × 6~7 µm; basidiospores yellowish, broadly ellipsoid, 3~4 × 2~2.5 µm.

Specimens examined: On a fallen branch of Quercus serrata, Mt. Deogyu (SFC 030927-10, SFC 031028-02).

Remarks: This poroid species is easy to recognize by its pinkish and light basidiocarps. Its phylogenetic position is in the core polyporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Antrodiella Ryvarden & I. Johans., Prelim. Polyp. Fl. E. Afr. (Oslo): 256 (1980) Agyogumungbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate, soft to coriaceous, translucent when young, hard when dry; pore surface pale ochraceous to straw-colored; hyphal system di-trimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps; skeletal hyphae thick-walled; binding hyphae present or absent; cystidia present or absent; basidia subclavate; basidiospores hyaline, smooth.

Type species: Antrodiella semisupina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden

13. Antrodiella semisupina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, in Ryvarden & Johansen, Prelim. Polyp. Fl. E. Afr. (Oslo): 261 (1980) (Figs. 2-1, 4-1) Agyogumungbeoseot

Basidiocarps annual, resupinate to pileate, often laterally fused over the effused pore surface, up to 4 mm thick, hard and resinous, slightly translucent, white to cream; pileal surface smooth, white to cream, with narrow, darker concentric zones, with a sharp and undulating margin; pore surface white to ochraceous; pores angular, 5 per mm.

Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate with clamps, 1.5~2 µm wide; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3.5 µm wide; binding hyphae hyaline, irregular and twisted with short branches, thick-walled, 2.5~3 µm wide; basidia broadly clavate, 14~17 × 5~7 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, 4.5 × 2~2.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a fallen branch of Magnolia sieboldii, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040825-167).

Remarks: This poroid species of white color is recognized by shiny, slightly translucent fruitbody. Its phylogenetic placement is in the phanerochaetoid-steccherinoid clade (Lee, 2006).

14. Auriporia pileata Parmasto, Mycotaxon 11(1): 173 (1980) (Figs. 2-2, 4-2) Bulgeunhwanggeumgumungbeoseot

Basidiocarps resupinate; hymenophore poroid, soft; pore surface deep yellow-orange when fresh, drying brownish orange; pores circular to angular, 3 per mm.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps, thin-walled, 2~4 µm wide; cystidia fusiform, apically encrusted or smooth, 25~30 × 8~10 µm; basidia narrowly clavate, 17~20 × 5~6 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, 6.3~7 × 3.5~4 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of hardwood, Odong Island, Yeosu (SFC 050527-18).

Remarks: The thick-walled encrusted cystidia and the yellow color of basidiocarps are diagnostic characters for this species. Parmasto (1980) described that A. aurea, A, aurulenta and A. pileata occur in America, Europe and Asia, respectively. Its phylogenetic position is in the fomitopsidoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Dichomitus D.A. Reid, Revta Biol., Lisb. 5: 149 (1965) Bangseokgumungbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, resupinate to effused-reflexed, white, cream to grayish; pores small to large, angular to round; hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps; binding hyphae arboriform with tapering ends; cystidia absent; basidia clavate; basidiospores hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoid.

Type species: Dichomitus squalens (P. Karst.) D.A. Reid

15. Dichomitus campestris (Quél.) Domañski & Orlicz, Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 35: 627 (1966) (Figs. 2-3, 4-3) Hinbangseokgumungbeoseot

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, resupinate to cushion-shaped, oblong to oval, up to 15 mm wide; pore surface whitish, cream-colored to ochraceous; pores angular, 3~4 per mm; context cream-colored.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps, thin-walled, 1.8~2 µm wide; binding hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, dichotomously branched with tapering ends, 3~3.3 µm wide; basidia clavate, 18~20 × 6~7.5 µm; basidiospores ellipsoid, with oil drops, thin-walled, smooth, 9~11 × 5~6.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of Quercus variabilis, Mt. Songni (SFC 020515-10).

Remarks: Dichomitus campestris is easy to recognize by its cushion-shaped basidiocarps and large spores. Its phylogenetic position is in the core polyporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

16. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 8: 154 (1888) (Figs. 2-4, 4-4) Bburibeoseot

Basidiocarps sessile, perennial, effuso-reflexed, often imbricate, commonly fusing laterally, applanate; upper surface smooth to subtomentose, at first white, then pale ochraceous; lower surface poroid, cream white to deep cream, sometimes tinged pinkish; pores 3 per mm; flesh corky, woody.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, 3~4 µm wide, septate without clamps; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 5~7 µm wide; basidia clavate, 17~19 × 5~7 µm; basidiospores subglobose, finely verrucose, 4.5~6 × 4~5 µm.

Specimens examined: At the base of Pinus rigida, Mt. Halla, Mt. Songni (SFC 020827-18, SFC 020927-11).

Remarks: This species is often confused with Fomitopsis pinicola and pileate Antrodia. However, H. annosum is differentiated from those species due to its subglobose and finely verrucose basidiospores. Its phylogenetic placement is in the russuloid clade (Lee, 2006).

17. Ischnoderma benzoinum (Wahlenb.: Fr.) Karst. Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 2:32 (1881) (Figs. 2-5, 4-5) Galsaekddugbeoseot

Basidiocarps imbricate, broadly attached, up to 15 cm wide, 8 cm thick at the base; upper surface finely tomentose and dark brown, exposing crust when dried; pore surface pale brown; pores angular to circular, 4~6 per mm; context corky, ochraceous to brown.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps, moderately branched, 4~10 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3~10 µm in diam; basidia clavate, 12~18 × 4.5~6 µm, with a basal clamp; basidiospores cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, 5~7 × 1.5~2 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of Prunus sargentii. Mt. Worak (SFC 020113-01).

Remarks: This species is macroscopically similar to I. resinosum. They are separated by the context color which is ochraceous to brown in I. benzoinum but whitish to wood-colored in I. resinosum (Gilbertson and Ryvarden, 1986; Ryvarden and Gilbertson, 1993). Its phylogenetic position is in the phanerochaetoid-steccherinoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Skeletocutis Kotl. & Pouzar, Èeská Mykol. 12: 103 (1958) Gagjilgumungbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate, white, cream, olivaceous, to buff, resinous when dry; pores usually small; context cartilaginous; hyphal system di-trimitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps; skeletal hyphae hyaline, straight; binding hyphae hyaline, twisted; cystidia absent; basidia clavate; basidiospores hyaline, allantoid, cylindrical, to ellipsoid.

Type species: Skeletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar

18. Skeletocutis nivea (Jungh.) Jean Keller, Persoonia 10: 353 (1979) (Figs. 2-6, 4-6) Hingagjilgumungbeoseot

Basidiocarps annual, resupinate to pileate, up to 1 cm thick, tough and coriaceous when fresh, resinous hard when dry; margin white, finely tomentose, smooth, white at first, cream, with olivaceous shades on aging, azonate; pore surface white, light cream, to olivaceous brownish; pores very small, round to angular, almost invisible to the naked eyes, 6~8 per mm; context cartilaginous, white.

Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate with clamps, 1.5~2.5 µm wide; skeletal hyphae hyaline, straight, thick-walled, up to 3~4 µm wide; binding hyphae hyaline, sinuous and twisted, 3~4 µm wide; basidia narrowly clavate, 15~19 × 2.5~3.5 µm; basidiospores hyaline, allantoid, thin-walled, smooth, 4~4.5 × 1~1.2 µm.

Specimen examined: On a branch of Quercus aliena, Mt. Deogyu (SFC 030920-44).

Remarks: This species may be recognized by the tiny pores and cream-colored pore surface. Microscopically, the tiny spores, if observed, are diagnostic. Its phylogenetic position is in the core polyporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

19. Trametes elegans (Spreng.) Fr., Epicrisis systematis mycologici (Uppsala): 492 (1838) (Figs. 2-7, 4-7) Mirosongpyunbeoseot

= Lenzites elegans (Spreng.) Pat., Essai Tax. Hyménomyc.: 89 (1900)

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, sessile or with a short stipe-like base, attached laterally or centrally; pileus up to 20 cm wide, woody, flabelliform or circular; upper surface white to gray or almost buff ochraceous, finely tomentose, soon glabrous, smooth or concentrically sulcate; lower surface very variable, poroid, partly sinuousdaedaloid, cream-colored; pores rounded, 3~4 per mm.

Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, septate with clamps, 2.5 µm wide; skeletal hyphae dominant, thick-walled, 4~5 µm wide; binding hyphae hyaline, thick-walled, 3.5 µm wide, irregularly branched; basidiospores hyaline, cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth, 5~6 × 2.2~2.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a trunk of Quercus, Mt. Halla (SFC 020827-04).

Remarks: This species is easy to recognize because of the daedaloid or sinuous pores and the frequent variable hymenophore in a same specimen. Its phylogenetic position is in the core polyporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

20. Trametes tenuis (Hook.) Corner, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 97: 170 (1989) Yukgaggumungsongpyunbeoseot

= Hexagonia tenuis Speg. (Figs. 2-8, 4-8)

Fig. 2

Basidiocarps of unrecorded species. (1) Antrodiella semisupina, (2) Auriporia pileata, (3) Dichomitus campestris, (4) Heterobasidion annosum, (5) Ischnoderma benzoinum, (6) Skeletocutis nivea, (7) Trametes elegans, (8) Trametes tenuis, (9) Laxitextum bicolor, (10) Tomentella terrestris, (11) Tubulicrinis accedens.

Fig. 4

Microscopic features of unrecorded species. (1) Antrodiella semisupina, (2) Auriporia pileata, (3) Dichomitus campestris, (4) Heterobasidion annosum, (5) Ischnoderma benzoinum, (6) Skeletocutis nivea, (7) Trametes elegans, (8) Trametes tenuis, (9) Laxitextum bicolor, (10) Tomentella terrestris, (11) Tubulicrinis accedens. a. basidiospores; b. basidia; c1. generative hyphae; c2. skeletal hyphae; c3. binding hyphae; d. cystidia. Bars = 10 µm.

Basidiocarps annual to perennial, solitary or in clusters, pileate, broadly or narrowly attached to the substrate or almost stipitate, thin, flexible and coriaceous when dry; pilei dimidiate, flabelliform to semicircular; upper surface concentrically zoned, ochraceous to dark brown; pore surface with grayish to ashy bluish tint; pores angular to hexagonal, very variable, mostly 2 per mm.

Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate with clamps, thin-walled, 2~3 µm wide; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3~5 µm wide; binding hyphae hyaline, thick-walled, 5~6 µm wide, branched; basidia clavate, 25~30 × 7~9 µm; basidiospores hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, 10 × 3.5 µm.

Specimens examined: On a fallen branch of Quercus mongolica, Mt. Songni (SFC 021010-22); on a deciduous tree, Mt. Jiri (SFC 040825-06).

Remarks: Because of its large hexagonal pores, this species is easy to recognize in the field. Its phylogenetic position is in the core polyporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Stereaceae Pilát Kkotgurumbeoseot Family

Laxitextum Lentz, U.S. Dept. Agric. Monogr. 24: 18 (1956) Binulkkotgurumbeoseot Genus

Basidiocarps resupinate to subpileate; upper surface brown, tomentose, somewhat zonate; hymenial surface white when fresh, smooth; hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, septate with clamps; gloeocystidia numerous, subulate, projecting; basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, amyloid.

Type species: Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz

21. Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz, U.S. Dept. Agric. Monogr. 24: 19 (1956) (Figs. 2-9, 4-9) Binulkkotgurumbeoseot

Basidiocarps 20~50 mm broad, subpileate, overlapped by effused-reflexed edges; upper surface pale brown to dark brown, sometimes wrinkled with faint lines, slightly zonate; hymenial surface white when fresh, pale buff or pale pinky buff on drying, smooth, glabrous.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, 2~3 µm wide, septate with clamps; gloeocystidia numerous, fusiform, subulate, 35~40 × 8~10 µm, projecting; basidiospores ellipsoid, amyloid, 3.5 × 2~2.2 µm.

Specimen examined: On a trunk of Pinus rigida, Mt. Deogyu (SFC 030424-17).

Remarks: Laxitextum bicolor could be differentiated from Stereum by brown and white color and soft consistency. Its phylogenetic position is in the russuloid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Thelephoraceae Chevall. Gulddugbeoseot Family

22. Tomentella terrestris (Berk. & Broome) M.J. Larsen, Mycologia Mem. (St. Paul) 4: 105 (1974) (Figs. 2-10, 4-10) Heuksaekyungdanbeoseot

Basidiocarps resupinate, loosely attached to the substrate, forming continuous patches, densely tomentose; hymenophore surface smooth or irregularly tuberculate, reddish brown, light brown when dry; consistency fibroustomentose.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae thin- to thick-walled, septate with clamps, branched, 8~9 µm wide; ventricose clavate elements present; basidia 30~45 × 8~9 µm; basidiospores ellipsoid, verrucose, 10~11 × 7~9 µm.

Specimen examined: On a fallen branch of hardwood, Ganghwa Island (SFC 990924-14).

Remarks: This resupinate species is easily recognized in the field by its light brown, fibrous-tomentose basidiocarps. Its phylogenetic position is in the thelephoroid clade (Lee, 2006).

Family Tubulicrinaceae Jülich, Bibl. Mycol. 85: 392 (1982) Myunjigoyakbeoseot Family

Tubulicrinis Donk, Fungus, Wageningen 26: 13 (1956)

Basidiocarps resupinate, effused, adnate, often inconspicuous, farinose to porulose, thin, rarely becoming thick; hymenial surface generally smooth, often appearing somewhat pilose, white, cream, with grayish tints, to ochraceous; hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps; cystidia conspicuous, protruding, cylindrical or conical, with a blunt, capitate, or subulate apex; basidia clavate; basidiospores hyaline, somewhat allantoid, ellipsoid, subglobose, to globose.

Type species: Tubulicrinis glebulosus (Fr.) Donk

23. Tubulicrinis accedens (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk, Fungus, Wageningen 26: 14 (1956) (Figs. 2-11, 4-11) Hinmyunjigoyakbeoseot

Basidiocarps fully resupinate, effused, tightly attached to the substrate, forming thin patches; hymenial surface smooth, finely farinose, gray whitish; consistency fugacious.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae septate with clamps, branched, cystidia conspicuous, protruding, cylindrical with a capitate end, thick-walled, very long, 5~6 µm wide; basidia narrowly clavate, 18~20 × 4~5.3 µm; basidiospores hyaline, ellipsoid, smooth, 6.2~8.5 × 3.8~4.5 µm.

Specimen examined: On a fallen branch of Quercus, Mt. Deogyu (SFC 030928-43).

Remarks: This corticioid species of white color is easily recognized by its capitate cystidia. Its phylogenetic position is in the trechisporoid clade (Lee, 2006).

Conclusion

Upon investigation of the specimens which were deposited in Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC), 209 strains of Korean Aphyllophorales were analyzed by taxonomic and phylogenetic methods. Their phylogenetic positions were confirmed and their identities were verified by morphological and molecular analyses. Among them, total 23 species were newly recorded to Korea and these were Abundisporus fuscopurpureus, Antrodiella semisupina, Auriporia pileata, Cantharellus subalbidus, Clavulina cinerea, Cyphellopsis confusa, Dendrothele acerina, Dichomitus campestris, Haplotrichum aureum, Heterobasidion annosum, Hyphoderma argillaceum, Hyphodontia tropica, Inonotus dryophilus, Ischnoderma benzoinum, Laxitextum bicolor, Phanerochaete radicata, Phellinus lonicericola, Piloderma byssinum, Skeletocutis nivea, Tomentella terrestris, Trametes elegans, Trametes tenuis, and Tubulicrinis accedens. Descriptions and photographs of macro- and microscopic features and new information on phylogenetic relationships of those unrecorded Korean aphyllophoroid fungi were recorded here.