Heritable forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the genetics of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) since its description in the 1950s. Germline mutations in the gene coding bone morphogenetic receptor type 2 (BMPR2) are detectable in the majority of cases of HPAH, and in a small proportion of cases of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Recent advancements in gene sequencing methods have facilitated the discovery of additional genes with mutations among those with and without familial PAH (CAV1, KCNK3). HPAH is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by reduced penetrance, variable expressivity, and female predominance. These characteristics suggest that genetic and nongenetic factors modify disease expression, highlighting areas of active investigation. The reduced penetrance makes genetic counseling complex, as the majority of carriers of PAH-related mutations will never be diagnosed with the disease. This issue is increasingly important, as clinical testing for BMPR2 and other mutations is now available for the evaluation of patients and their at-risk kin. The possibilities to avoid mutation transmission, such as the rapidly advancing field of preimplantation genetic testing, highlight the need for all clinicians to understand the genetic features of PAH risk. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.