D Mutter1, B Dallemagne, S Perretta, M Vix, J Leroy, P Pessaux, J Marescaux. 1. Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD/EITS, IHU, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1, Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg Cedex, France, didier.mutter@ircad.fr.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Animal models are key elements of surgical research and promotion of new techniques. Inanimate models, anatomical specimens, and living animals are all necessary to solve the various problems encountered by the advent of a new surgical technique. The development of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) procedures is a representative model. METHODS: Over 400 experimental procedures were performed in inanimate models, ex vivo tissues and animals to solve all problems faced by the development of NOTES surgery: peritoneal access, gastrotomy closure, exposure, retraction, dissection as well as education to start this new procedure. RESULTS: The successive use of all models allows to identify the ideal solution for each problem and to precisely define the safest and most reliable option to apply the new technique in patients. It allowed to perform the first transvaginal and transgastric cholecystectomy in patients in a safe way. CONCLUSION: Animal experimentation remains necessary as even sophisticated computer-based solutions are unable to model all interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organisms, and their environment. Animal research is required in many areas to validate new technologies, develop training, let alone its major goal (namely to avoid using patients for experimentation) which is to be the first "model" for the surgeon.
PURPOSE: Animal models are key elements of surgical research and promotion of new techniques. Inanimate models, anatomical specimens, and living animals are all necessary to solve the various problems encountered by the advent of a new surgical technique. The development of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) procedures is a representative model. METHODS: Over 400 experimental procedures were performed in inanimate models, ex vivo tissues and animals to solve all problems faced by the development of NOTES surgery: peritoneal access, gastrotomy closure, exposure, retraction, dissection as well as education to start this new procedure. RESULTS: The successive use of all models allows to identify the ideal solution for each problem and to precisely define the safest and most reliable option to apply the new technique in patients. It allowed to perform the first transvaginal and transgastric cholecystectomy in patients in a safe way. CONCLUSION: Animal experimentation remains necessary as even sophisticated computer-based solutions are unable to model all interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organisms, and their environment. Animal research is required in many areas to validate new technologies, develop training, let alone its major goal (namely to avoid using patients for experimentation) which is to be the first "model" for the surgeon.
Authors: Anthony N Kalloo; Vikesh K Singh; Sanjay B Jagannath; Hideaki Niiyama; Susan L Hill; Cheryl A Vaughn; Carolyn A Magee; Sergey V Kantsevoy Journal: Gastrointest Endosc Date: 2004-07 Impact factor: 9.427
Authors: Alberto Arezzo; Carsten Zornig; Hamid Mofid; Karl-Hermann Fuchs; Wolfram Breithaupt; José Noguera; Georg Kaehler; Richard Magdeburg; Silvana Perretta; Bernard Dallemagne; Jacques Marescaux; Catalin Copaescu; Florin Graur; Andrei Szasz; Antonello Forgione; Raffaele Pugliese; Gerhard Buess; Hemanga K Bhattacharjee; Giuseppe Navarra; Mario Godina; Kirill Shishin; Mario Morino Journal: Surg Endosc Date: 2013-03-22 Impact factor: 4.584