The evolution of the Ilizarov technique: part 2: the principles of distraction osteosynthesis.

The history of limb-lengthening surgery can be traced back to the 19th Century. Since that time, the orthopaedic community has made tremendous progress in performing successful lengthening procedures. Among the important contributors to the field is Dr. Gavril Ilizarov. Because of advancements over the past century, limb lengthening has become a viable method of treating severe bony deformities and defects. This article, the second of a two-part series, reviews the principles of distraction osteosynthesis, including a thorough discussion of indications, instrumentation, and surgical technique.