OBJECTIVE:Sodium restriction potentiates the efficacy of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blockade and improves long-term cardiovascular and renal protection, even independent of the better blood pressure control. The mechanisms underlying the potentiation of cardiorenal protection by sodium restriction are incompletely understood. RAAS-blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors increases circulating levels of the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), which is assumed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. We hypothesized that sodium restriction on top of RAAS-blockade further increases AcSDKP, as a possible explanation for the enhanced effects of RAAS-blockade during sodium restriction. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we performed a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial investigating 46 nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (age 50±13 years, 80% men) with overt proteinuria and mild to moderate renal insufficiency. Patients were subjected, in a crossover design, to four double-blind 6-week study periods with either regular sodium diet (194±49 mmol Naday) or low sodium diet (102±52 mmol Na/day) on top of either lisinopril (40 mg/day; single RAAS-blockade) or lisinopril plus valsartan (320 mg/day; dual RAAS-blockade). RESULTS:Sodium restriction significantly increased circulating levels of AcSDKP during single and dual RAAS-blockade (P=0.032 and 0.042, respectively). Linear mixed-model analysis confirmed that AcSDKP levels were increased in response to sodium restriction, irrespective of sex, age, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, BMI, single or dual RAAS-blockade, treatment sequence and other dietary factors, that is calcium and protein (P=0.020). CONCLUSION: In patients with nondiabetic CKD, we demonstrated that sodium restriction, on top of single and dual RAAS-blockade, increases circulating levels of the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic peptide AcSDKP. The rise in AcSDKP may contribute to the increased protection of RAAS-blockade during sodium restriction.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE:Sodium restriction potentiates the efficacy of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blockade and improves long-term cardiovascular and renal protection, even independent of the better blood pressure control. The mechanisms underlying the potentiation of cardiorenal protection by sodium restriction are incompletely understood. RAAS-blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors increases circulating levels of the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), which is assumed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. We hypothesized that sodium restriction on top of RAAS-blockade further increases AcSDKP, as a possible explanation for the enhanced effects of RAAS-blockade during sodium restriction. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we performed a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial investigating 46 nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (age 50±13 years, 80% men) with overt proteinuria and mild to moderate renal insufficiency. Patients were subjected, in a crossover design, to four double-blind 6-week study periods with either regular sodium diet (194±49 mmol Naday) or low sodium diet (102±52 mmol Na/day) on top of either lisinopril (40 mg/day; single RAAS-blockade) or lisinopril plus valsartan (320 mg/day; dual RAAS-blockade). RESULTS:Sodium restriction significantly increased circulating levels of AcSDKP during single and dual RAAS-blockade (P=0.032 and 0.042, respectively). Linear mixed-model analysis confirmed that AcSDKP levels were increased in response to sodium restriction, irrespective of sex, age, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, BMI, single or dual RAAS-blockade, treatment sequence and other dietary factors, that is calcium and protein (P=0.020). CONCLUSION: In patients with nondiabetic CKD, we demonstrated that sodium restriction, on top of single and dual RAAS-blockade, increases circulating levels of the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic peptide AcSDKP. The rise in AcSDKP may contribute to the increased protection of RAAS-blockade during sodium restriction.
Authors: Jenna M Norton; Marva M Moxey-Mims; Paul W Eggers; Andrew S Narva; Robert A Star; Paul L Kimmel; Griffin P Rodgers Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2016-05-13 Impact factor: 10.121
Authors: Charlotte A Keyzer; G Fenna van Breda; Marc G Vervloet; Maarten A de Jong; Gozewijn D Laverman; Marc H Hemmelder; Wilbert M T Janssen; Hiddo J Lambers Heerspink; Arjan J Kwakernaak; Stephan J L Bakker; Gerjan Navis; Martin H de Borst Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2016-11-17 Impact factor: 10.121