STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the statistical characteristics of short-term sleep-wake architecture and to evaluate their dependence on ultradian and circadian phase. DESIGN: Observational, time series. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: States of wakefulness (WAKE), rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) were recorded in 5-sec epochs over 7 consecutive days. State bout durations were analyzed using parametric regression of survival curves, comparing exponential, biexponential, and power law models. WAKE survival curves were best fit by biexponential models, suggesting that there are two statistically distinct stochastic mechanisms generating two types of WAKE--"brief" WAKE and "long" WAKE. Exponential time constants varied as a function of circadian and ultradian phase, with "long" WAKE showing the largest effect. NREM survival curves exhibited biexponential and monoexponential distributions in light and dark, respectively, with weak effects of ultradian phase. REM survival curves approximated a monoexponential distribution that varied with circadian but not ultradian phase. χ(2) analysis was used in a three-state Markov model to evaluate whether conditional state transition probabilities exhibit the property of first-order dependence. This was partially confirmed, but only after accounting for heterogeneity associated with circadian and ultradian phase. However, there was evidence of residual second-order dependence indicating that additional sources of statistical heterogeneity may remain to be identified. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep-wake state is regulated over short timescales by stochastic mechanisms. When the major sources of heterogeneity are taken into account, including two-component WAKE and NREM states, the sleep-wake system of the rat behaves, to a reasonable approximation, as a Markovian system that is modulated over ultradian and circadian timescales.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the statistical characteristics of short-term sleep-wake architecture and to evaluate their dependence on ultradian and circadian phase. DESIGN: Observational, time series. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: States of wakefulness (WAKE), rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) were recorded in 5-sec epochs over 7 consecutive days. State bout durations were analyzed using parametric regression of survival curves, comparing exponential, biexponential, and power law models. WAKE survival curves were best fit by biexponential models, suggesting that there are two statistically distinct stochastic mechanisms generating two types of WAKE--"brief" WAKE and "long" WAKE. Exponential time constants varied as a function of circadian and ultradian phase, with "long" WAKE showing the largest effect. NREM survival curves exhibited biexponential and monoexponential distributions in light and dark, respectively, with weak effects of ultradian phase. REM survival curves approximated a monoexponential distribution that varied with circadian but not ultradian phase. χ(2) analysis was used in a three-state Markov model to evaluate whether conditional state transition probabilities exhibit the property of first-order dependence. This was partially confirmed, but only after accounting for heterogeneity associated with circadian and ultradian phase. However, there was evidence of residual second-order dependence indicating that additional sources of statistical heterogeneity may remain to be identified. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep-wake state is regulated over short timescales by stochastic mechanisms. When the major sources of heterogeneity are taken into account, including two-component WAKE and NREM states, the sleep-wake system of the rat behaves, to a reasonable approximation, as a Markovian system that is modulated over ultradian and circadian timescales.
Authors: Matt T Bianchi; Nathaniel A Eiseman; Sydney S Cash; Joseph Mietus; Chung-Kang Peng; Robert J Thomas Journal: J Sleep Res Date: 2011-09-28 Impact factor: 3.981
Authors: Chung-Chuan Lo; Thomas Chou; Thomas Penzel; Thomas E Scammell; Robert E Strecker; H Eugene Stanley; Plamen Ch Ivanov Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2004-12-06 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Leonel Perez-Atencio; Nicolas Garcia-Aracil; Eduardo Fernandez; Luis C Barrio; Juan A Barios Journal: PLoS One Date: 2018-01-05 Impact factor: 3.240