Laura M Dember1, Peter B Imrey2, Gerald J Beck2, Alfred K Cheung3, Jonathan Himmelfarb4, Thomas S Huber5, John W Kusek6, Prabir Roy-Chaudhury7, Miguel A Vazquez8, Charles E Alpers9, Michelle L Robbin10, Joseph A Vita11, Tom Greene12, Jennifer J Gassman2, Harold I Feldman13. 1. Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: ldember@upenn.edu. 2. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. 3. Nephrology and Hypertension Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT. 4. Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 5. Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. 6. Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. 7. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. 8. Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX. 9. Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 10. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 11. Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. 12. Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT. 13. Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A large proportion of newly created arteriovenous fistulas cannot be used for dialysis because they fail to mature adequately to support the hemodialysis blood circuit. The Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (HFM) Study was designed to elucidate clinical and biological factors associated with fistula maturation outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 600 patients undergoing creation of a new hemodialysis fistula will be enrolled at 7 centers in the United States and followed up for as long as 4 years. PREDICTORS: Clinical, anatomical, biological, and process-of-care attributes identified pre-, intra-, or postoperatively. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome is unassisted clinical maturation, defined as successful use of the fistula for dialysis for 4 weeks without maturation-enhancing procedures. Secondary outcomes include assisted clinical maturation, ultrasound-based anatomical maturation, fistula procedures, fistula abandonment, and central venous catheter use. MEASUREMENTS: Preoperative ultrasound arterial and venous mapping, flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated brachial artery dilation, arterial pulse wave velocity, and venous distensibility; intraoperative vein tissue collection for histopathologic and molecular analyses; postoperative ultrasounds at 1 day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and prior to fistula intervention and initial cannulation. RESULTS: Assuming complete data, no covariate adjustment, and unassisted clinical maturation of 50%, there will be 80% power to detect ORs of 1.83 and 1.61 for dichotomous predictor variables with exposure prevalences of 20% and 50%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Exclusion of 2-stage transposition fistulas limits generalizability. The requirement for study visits may result in a cohort that is healthier than the overall population of patients undergoing fistula creation. CONCLUSIONS: The HFM Study will be of sufficient size and scope to: (1) evaluate a broad range of mechanistic hypotheses, (2) identify clinical practices associated with maturation outcomes, (3) assess the predictive utility of early indicators of fistula outcome, and (4) establish targets for novel therapeutic interventions to improve fistula maturation.
BACKGROUND: A large proportion of newly created arteriovenous fistulas cannot be used for dialysis because they fail to mature adequately to support the hemodialysis blood circuit. The Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (HFM) Study was designed to elucidate clinical and biological factors associated with fistula maturation outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 600 patients undergoing creation of a new hemodialysis fistula will be enrolled at 7 centers in the United States and followed up for as long as 4 years. PREDICTORS: Clinical, anatomical, biological, and process-of-care attributes identified pre-, intra-, or postoperatively. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome is unassisted clinical maturation, defined as successful use of the fistula for dialysis for 4 weeks without maturation-enhancing procedures. Secondary outcomes include assisted clinical maturation, ultrasound-based anatomical maturation, fistula procedures, fistula abandonment, and central venous catheter use. MEASUREMENTS: Preoperative ultrasound arterial and venous mapping, flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated brachial artery dilation, arterial pulse wave velocity, and venous distensibility; intraoperative vein tissue collection for histopathologic and molecular analyses; postoperative ultrasounds at 1 day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and prior to fistula intervention and initial cannulation. RESULTS: Assuming complete data, no covariate adjustment, and unassisted clinical maturation of 50%, there will be 80% power to detect ORs of 1.83 and 1.61 for dichotomous predictor variables with exposure prevalences of 20% and 50%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Exclusion of 2-stage transposition fistulas limits generalizability. The requirement for study visits may result in a cohort that is healthier than the overall population of patients undergoing fistula creation. CONCLUSIONS: The HFM Study will be of sufficient size and scope to: (1) evaluate a broad range of mechanistic hypotheses, (2) identify clinical practices associated with maturation outcomes, (3) assess the predictive utility of early indicators of fistula outcome, and (4) establish targets for novel therapeutic interventions to improve fistula maturation.
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