IMPORTANCE: There is wide variation in the management of thyroid nodules identified on ultrasound imaging. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the risk of thyroid cancer associated with thyroid nodules based on ultrasound imaging characteristics. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent thyroid ultrasound imaging from January 1, 2000, through March 30, 2005. Thyroid cancers were identified through linkage with the California Cancer Registry. RESULTS: A total of 8806 patients underwent 11,618 thyroid ultrasound examinations during the study period, including 105 subsequently diagnosed as having thyroid cancer. Thyroid nodules were common in patients diagnosed as having cancer (96.9%) and patients not diagnosed as having thyroid cancer (56.4%). Three ultrasound nodule characteristics--microcalcifications (odds ratio [OR], 8.1; 95% CI, 3.8-17.3), size greater than 2 cm (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.7-7.6), and an entirely solid composition (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.2)--were the only findings associated with the risk of thyroid cancer. If 1 characteristic is used as an indication for biopsy, most cases of thyroid cancer would be detected (sensitivity, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94), with a high false-positive rate (0.44; 95% CI, 0.43-0.45) and a low positive likelihood ratio (2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.2), and 56 biopsies will be performed per cancer diagnosed. If 2 characteristics were required for biopsy, the sensitivity and false-positive rates would be lower (sensitivity, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.62; false-positive rate, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.07-0.08), the positive likelihood ratio would be higher (7.1; 95% CI, 6.2-8.2), and only 16 biopsies will be performed per cancer diagnosed. Compared with performing biopsy of all thyroid nodules larger than 5 mm, adoption of this more stringent rule requiring 2 abnormal nodule characteristics to prompt biopsy would reduce unnecessary biopsies by 90% while maintaining a low risk of cancer (5 per 1000 patients for whom biopsy is deferred). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Thyroid ultrasound imaging could be used to identify patients who have a low risk of cancer for whom biopsy could be deferred. On the basis of these results, these findings should be validated in a large prospective cohort.
IMPORTANCE: There is wide variation in the management of thyroid nodules identified on ultrasound imaging. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the risk of thyroid cancer associated with thyroid nodules based on ultrasound imaging characteristics. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent thyroid ultrasound imaging from January 1, 2000, through March 30, 2005. Thyroid cancers were identified through linkage with the California Cancer Registry. RESULTS: A total of 8806 patients underwent 11,618 thyroid ultrasound examinations during the study period, including 105 subsequently diagnosed as having thyroid cancer. Thyroid nodules were common in patients diagnosed as having cancer (96.9%) and patients not diagnosed as having thyroid cancer (56.4%). Three ultrasound nodule characteristics--microcalcifications (odds ratio [OR], 8.1; 95% CI, 3.8-17.3), size greater than 2 cm (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.7-7.6), and an entirely solid composition (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.2)--were the only findings associated with the risk of thyroid cancer. If 1 characteristic is used as an indication for biopsy, most cases of thyroid cancer would be detected (sensitivity, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94), with a high false-positive rate (0.44; 95% CI, 0.43-0.45) and a low positive likelihood ratio (2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.2), and 56 biopsies will be performed per cancer diagnosed. If 2 characteristics were required for biopsy, the sensitivity and false-positive rates would be lower (sensitivity, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.62; false-positive rate, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.07-0.08), the positive likelihood ratio would be higher (7.1; 95% CI, 6.2-8.2), and only 16 biopsies will be performed per cancer diagnosed. Compared with performing biopsy of all thyroid nodules larger than 5 mm, adoption of this more stringent rule requiring 2 abnormal nodule characteristics to prompt biopsy would reduce unnecessary biopsies by 90% while maintaining a low risk of cancer (5 per 1000 patients for whom biopsy is deferred). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Thyroid ultrasound imaging could be used to identify patients who have a low risk of cancer for whom biopsy could be deferred. On the basis of these results, these findings should be validated in a large prospective cohort.
Authors: Patrick M Bossuyt; Johannes B Reitsma; David E Bruns; Constantine A Gatsonis; Paul P Glasziou; Les M Irwig; David Moher; Drummond Rennie; Henrica C W de Vet; Jeroen G Lijmer Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2003-01-07 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Mary C Frates; Carol B Benson; J William Charboneau; Edmund S Cibas; Orlo H Clark; Beverly G Coleman; John J Cronan; Peter M Doubilet; Douglas B Evans; John R Goellner; Ian D Hay; Barbara S Hertzberg; Charles M Intenzo; R Brooke Jeffrey; Jill E Langer; P Reed Larsen; Susan J Mandel; William D Middleton; Carl C Reading; Steven I Sherman; Franklin N Tessler Journal: Radiology Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 11.105
Authors: Erik K Alexander; Ellen Marqusee; Joseph Orcutt; Carol B Benson; Mary C Frates; Peter M Doubilet; Edmund S Cibas; Alireza Atri Journal: Thyroid Date: 2004-11 Impact factor: 6.568
Authors: Nina D Baier; Peter F Hahn; Debra A Gervais; Anthony Samir; Elkan F Halpern; Peter R Mueller; Mukesh G Harisinghani Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol Date: 2009-10 Impact factor: 3.959
Authors: Alexander Stojadinovic; George E Peoples; Steven K Libutti; Leonard R Henry; John Eberhardt; Robin S Howard; David Gur; Eric A Elster; Aviram Nissan Journal: BMC Surg Date: 2009-08-10 Impact factor: 2.102
Authors: A T Grady; J A Sosa; T P Tanpitukpongse; K R Choudhury; R T Gupta; J K Hoang Journal: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Date: 2014-08-21 Impact factor: 3.825
Authors: David F Schneider; Linda M Cherney Stafford; Nicole Brys; Caprice C Greenberg; Courtney J Balentine; Dawn M Elfenbein; Susan C Pitt Journal: Endocr Pract Date: 2017-01-17 Impact factor: 3.443
Authors: Bryan R Haugen; Erik K Alexander; Keith C Bible; Gerard M Doherty; Susan J Mandel; Yuri E Nikiforov; Furio Pacini; Gregory W Randolph; Anna M Sawka; Martin Schlumberger; Kathryn G Schuff; Steven I Sherman; Julie Ann Sosa; David L Steward; R Michael Tuttle; Leonard Wartofsky Journal: Thyroid Date: 2016-01 Impact factor: 6.568
Authors: Bernice L Huang; Susana A Ebner; Jasnit S Makkar; Stuart Bentley-Hibbert; Robert J McConnell; James A Lee; Elizabeth M Hecht; Jennifer H Kuo Journal: Oncologist Date: 2019-11-19
Authors: M Brimioulle; A Al-Lami; S Marzouk; H Emerson; A Balfour; V Dhar; I J Nixon Journal: Ann R Coll Surg Engl Date: 2018-03-15 Impact factor: 1.891