Dynamic equilibrium explanation for nanobubbles' unusual temperature and saturation dependence.

The dynamic equilibrium model suggests that surface nanobubbles can be stable due to an influx of gas in the vicinity of the bubble contact line, driven by substrate hydrophobicity, that balances the outflux of gas from the bubble apex. Here, we develop an alternate formulation of this mechanism that predicts rich behavior in agreement with recent experimental measurements. Namely, we find that stable nanobubbles exist in narrow temperature and dissolved gas concentration ranges, that there is a maximum and minimum possible bubble size, and that nanobubble radii decrease with temperature.