PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review defines current clinical criteria for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and clinical evaluation of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica, and summarizes principles of treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Consensus criteria for transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis have been proposed. A specific biomarker, aquaporin-4 autoantibody, has been discovered for neuromyelitis optica that allows for early and accurate diagnosis even in the absence of cardinal findings of optic neuritis and myelitis. The antibody is pathogenic and is facilitating an understanding of the pathophysiology of neuromyelitis optica and development of antigen-specific treatments. SUMMARY: Clinical and radiologic findings combined with serologic findings may permit classification of syndromes of transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in ways that may predict risk of relapse, type of relapse, and prognosis. Treatment, especially to prevent relapse, is dependent on the specific disease context in which syndromes such as transverse myelitis occur.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review defines current clinical criteria for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and clinical evaluation of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica, and summarizes principles of treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Consensus criteria for transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis have been proposed. A specific biomarker, aquaporin-4 autoantibody, has been discovered for neuromyelitis optica that allows for early and accurate diagnosis even in the absence of cardinal findings of optic neuritis and myelitis. The antibody is pathogenic and is facilitating an understanding of the pathophysiology of neuromyelitis optica and development of antigen-specific treatments. SUMMARY: Clinical and radiologic findings combined with serologic findings may permit classification of syndromes of transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in ways that may predict risk of relapse, type of relapse, and prognosis. Treatment, especially to prevent relapse, is dependent on the specific disease context in which syndromes such as transverse myelitis occur.
Authors: Pedro Martínez-Ayala; Miguel Angel Valle-Murillo; Oscar Chávez-Barba; Rodolfo I Cabrera-Silva; Luz A González-Hernández; Fernando Amador-Lara; Moises Ramos-Solano; Sergio Zúñiga-Quiñones; Vida Verónica Ruíz-Herrera; Jaime F Andrade-Villanueva Journal: Case Rep Infect Dis Date: 2020-06-06
Authors: Francesc Graus; Maarten J Titulaer; Ramani Balu; Susanne Benseler; Christian G Bien; Tania Cellucci; Irene Cortese; Russell C Dale; Jeffrey M Gelfand; Michael Geschwind; Carol A Glaser; Jerome Honnorat; Romana Höftberger; Takahiro Iizuka; Sarosh R Irani; Eric Lancaster; Frank Leypoldt; Harald Prüss; Alexander Rae-Grant; Markus Reindl; Myrna R Rosenfeld; Kevin Rostásy; Albert Saiz; Arun Venkatesan; Angela Vincent; Klaus-Peter Wandinger; Patrick Waters; Josep Dalmau Journal: Lancet Neurol Date: 2016-02-20 Impact factor: 44.182
Authors: Woojun Kim; Jee Eun Lee; Su Hyun Kim; So Young Huh; Jae Won Hyun; In Hye Jeong; Min Su Park; Joong Yang Cho; Sang Hyun Lee; Kwang Soo Lee; Ho Jin Kim Journal: J Clin Neurol Date: 2016-01-28 Impact factor: 3.077