Mitochondrial inactivation by Anopheles albimanus cecropin 3: molecular mechanisms.

Cecropin 3 (Ccrp3) is an antimicrobial peptide from Anopheles albimanus, which is expressed during Plasmodium berghei infection. Here, we report that synthetic Ccrp3, aside from antibacterial activity, also shows cardio regulatory functions. In rats, Ccrp3 significantly diminishes blood pressure as well as the heartbeat frequency at nanomolar concentration. Ccrp3 affect the rat cardiac muscle mitochondria, inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption and transport of Ca(2). Ccrp3 treatment of the mitochondria causes mitochondrial damage promoting oxidative stress, causing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of superoxide dismutase. At nM concentration, Ccrp3 inhibits superoxide dismutase activity through direct interaction, diminishing by its enzymatic activity. Ccrp3 induces the release of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax from the mitochondria. Altogether, these results suggest that Ccrp3 pro-oxidative activity on cardiac muscle mitochondria could be responsible for triggering the heartbeat frequency and blood pressure lowering observed the Ccrp3 injected rats.