Atomic mutagenesis of the ribosome: towards a molecular understanding of translation.

The multifaceted repertoire of non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in organisms of all three domains of life emphasizes their fundamental role in biology. Research in my lab focuses on revealing the regulatory and catalytic function of small and large ncRNAs in different model organisms. In particular we are interested in understanding ncRNA/protein complexes such as the vault complex or the ribosome. The ribosome, the central enzyme of protein biosynthesis, is a multifunctional ribonucleoprotein particle composed of two unequal subunits that translates the genome's message into all proteins needed for life. The crucial role the translation machinery plays in gene expression is also mirrored by the fact that the ribosome represents the main target for antibiotics. Decades of genetic, biochemical and recent crystallographic studies revealed the ribosome as an RNA-enzyme with roots in the 'RNA world'. Despite these experimental insights, the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of the ribosomal RNA are still not fully understood at the molecular level. To unravel the detailed contributions of rRNA nucleotides for protein synthesis we have developed and applied an 'atomic mutagenesis' approach. This tool allows the role of specific 23S rRNA functional groups and even individual atoms to be studied during various stages of the ribosomal elongation cycle with thus far unequalled precision. This experimental approach bridges the disciplines of biochemistry and organic chemistry and has recently revealed specific functional 23S rRNA groups involved in peptide bond synthesis, peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis, GTPase activation, and tRNA translocation.