Osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), an inherited skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, bone fragility, and often short stature. The clinical severity varies widely from being nearly asymptomatic with a mild predisposition to fractures, normal stature and normal lifespan being to profoundly disabling and even lethal. Extra skeletal manifestations may include blue-grey sclera and dental abnormalities. Initially, the classification of OI into four types was based on clinical findings, but more recently additional types OI (types V-XI) have been ascertained, based on the identification of different mutations. While this classification is somewhat controversial, it is described in this article. The treatment of patients with OI is based on the nature and severity of symptoms. The goal of therapy is to prevent fractures and disability, improve function and quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach is needed, and treatment options include medication such as bisphosphonates, surgery, and rehabilitation. Investigations continue to explore gene and cell therapies that may be developed in the future.