Blastoschizomyces capitatus: an emerging cause of invasive fungal disease in leukemia patients.

Blastoschizomyces capitatus (formerly named Trichosporon capitatum or Geotrichum capitatum) is a rare cause of invasive fungal disease in immunocompromised hosts. We retrospectively studied epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic features of this infection during a 68-month period at the Division of Hematology of the University La Sapienza in Rome. Twenty patients with evidence of B. capitatus were identified: 12 were infected, four were possibly infected, and four had evidence of B. capitatus colonization but were not infected by this fungus. Pulmonary infiltrates were seen in seven infected patients; four of these patients eventually developed mycetomalike cavitations. Eight infected patients presented clinical and radiologic features of focal hepatitis compatible with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Of the 12 infected patients, two did not receive any antifungal treatment and died, five did not show any response to systemic antifungal therapy, and five received prolonged amphotericin B plus 5-fluorocytosine therapy. Of the last group, three patients achieved stable remission of their acute leukemia and were cured, and two improved but had an apparent relapse of B. capitatus infection after their acute leukemia recurred.