The calcium-sensing receptor in the breast.

Normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells express the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the master regulator of systemic calcium metabolism. During lactation, activation of the CaSR in mammary epithelial cells downregulates parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) levels in milk and in the circulation, and increases calcium transport into milk. In contrast, in breast cancer cells the CaSR upregulates PTHrP production. A switch in G-protein usage underlies the opposing effects of the CaSR on PTHrP expression in normal and malignant breast cells. During lactation, the CaSR in normal breast cells coordinates a feedback loop that matches the transport of calcium into milk and maternal calcium metabolism to the supply of calcium. A switch in CaSR G-protein usage during malignant transformation converts this feedback loop into a feed-forward cycle in breast cancer cells that may promote the growth of osteolytic skeletal metastases.