New paradigms in hierarchical porous scaffold design for tissue engineering.

This paper presented an effective method for the three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. To achieve such a hierarchical porous structure with accurately controlled internal pore architectures, the recursive intersection Boolean operation (RIBO) was proposed in order to satisfy computational efficiency and biological function requirements of a porous scaffold. After generating the distance field (DF) for the given anatomic model and required pore architectures, the recursive DF modifications enable us to design hierarchical porous scaffolds with complex combinations of pore morphologies. A variety of experimental results showed that the proposed hierarchical porous scaffold design method has the potential benefits for accurately controlling both the porosity and the pore architecture gradients while preserving the advantages of triply periodic minimal surface pore geometries.