OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and dosage of tramadol combined with fentanyl in awake endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Using Dixon's up-and-down sequential design, the study enrolled patients from each of the 20-49, 50-60 and 70-and-above age groups scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. The feasibility and dosage of tramadol combined with fentanyl in awake endotracheal intubation, guided by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, were verified. RESULTS: After intravenous injection with fentanyl 2.2 μg/kg and tramadol 2.0 mg/kg in the 20-49 age group, fentanyl 1.6 μg/kg and tramadol 1.9 mg/kg in the 50-69 age group and fentanyl 1 μg/kg and tramadol 1.8 mg/kg in those at the age of 70 or above, the patients achieved conscious sedation without obvious respiratory depression. Meanwhile, under these dosages, the patients could easily tolerate the thyrocricocentesis airway surface anesthesia and fiberoptic bronchoscope guided tracheal intubation. Postoperative follow-up showed that most patients had memory of the intubation process but without significant discomfort. No awake endotracheal intubation-related side effect was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic bronchoscope guided nasotracheal intubation can be successfully completed with background administration of fentanyl and tramadol. However, the specific dosages need to be tailored in different age of patients.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and dosage of tramadol combined with fentanyl in awake endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Using Dixon's up-and-down sequential design, the study enrolled patients from each of the 20-49, 50-60 and 70-and-above age groups scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. The feasibility and dosage of tramadol combined with fentanyl in awake endotracheal intubation, guided by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, were verified. RESULTS: After intravenous injection with fentanyl 2.2 μg/kg and tramadol 2.0 mg/kg in the 20-49 age group, fentanyl 1.6 μg/kg and tramadol 1.9 mg/kg in the 50-69 age group and fentanyl 1 μg/kg and tramadol 1.8 mg/kg in those at the age of 70 or above, the patients achieved conscious sedation without obvious respiratory depression. Meanwhile, under these dosages, the patients could easily tolerate the thyrocricocentesis airway surface anesthesia and fiberoptic bronchoscope guided tracheal intubation. Postoperative follow-up showed that most patients had memory of the intubation process but without significant discomfort. No awake endotracheal intubation-related side effect was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic bronchoscope guided nasotracheal intubation can be successfully completed with background administration of fentanyl and tramadol. However, the specific dosages need to be tailored in different age of patients.
Authors: Arthur Kanowitz; Thomas M Dunn; Elyse M Kanowitz; William W Dunn; Kayleen Vanbuskirk Journal: Prehosp Emerg Care Date: 2006 Jan-Mar Impact factor: 3.077
Authors: Tim Piepho; Andreas R Thierbach; Susanne M Göbler; Marc O Maybauer; Christian Werner Journal: Eur J Anaesthesiol Date: 2009-04 Impact factor: 4.330