In situ forming hydrogels via catalyst-free and bioorthogonal "tetrazole-alkene" photo-click chemistry.

In situ forming hydrogels were developed from 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-methacrylate (PEG-4-MA) and -tetrazole (PEG-4-Tet) derivatives through catalyst-free and bioorthogonal "tetrazole-alkene" photo-click chemistry. PEG-4-MA and PEG-4-Tet (Mn = 10 kg/mol) were soluble at 37 °C in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4, 10 mM) at total polymer concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 wt % but formed fluorescent hydrogels upon 365 nm UV irradiation at an intensity of 20.6, 30.7, or 60 mW/cm(2). The gelation times ranged from ca. 50 s to 5 min, and storage moduli varied from 0.65 to 25.2 kPa depending on polymer concentrations and degrees of Tet substitution in PEG-4-Tet conjugates. The cell experiments via an indirect contact assay demonstrated that these "tetrazole-alkene" photo-click PEG hydrogels were noncytotoxic. The high specificity of photo-click reaction renders thus obtained PEG hydrogels particularly interesting for controlled protein release. Notably, in vitro release studies showed that cytochrome c (CC), γ-globulins (Ig), and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) all were released from PEG hydrogels in a sustained and quantitative manner over a period of 14-20 days. Importantly, released CC and rhIL-2 exhibited comparable biological activities to native CC and rhIL-2, respectively. These results confirm that "tetrazole-alkene" photo-click reaction is highly compatible with these loaded proteins. This photo-controlled, specific, efficient, and catalyst-free click chemistry provides a new and versatile strategy to in situ forming hydrogels that hold tremendous potentials for protein delivery and tissue engineering.