An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of Hungary (Hemiptera, Coccoidea).

The number of scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) known from Hungary has increased in the last 10 years by 39 (16.6 %), to a total of 274 species belonging to 112 genera in10 families. The family Pseudococcidae is the most species rich, with 101 species in 34 genera; Diaspididae contains 59 species in 27 genera; Coccidae contains 54 species in 27 genera; and the Eriococcidae contains 33 species in 8 genera. The other 6 coccoid families each contain only a few species: Asterolecaniidae (7 species in 3 genera); Ortheziidae (7 species in 4 genera); Margarodidaesensu lato (5 species in 5 genera); Cryptococcidae (3 species in 2 genera); Kermesidae (4 species in 1genus); and Cerococcidae (1 species). Of the species in the check list, 224 were found in outdoor conditions, while 50 species occurred only in indoor conditions. This paper contains 22 species recorded for the first time in the Hungarian fauna.

Introduction

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) live on a wide variety of plant species and many of them are important agricultural pests. Publication of new knowledge of this insect group is therefore very important from a practical viewpoint. The distribution data of different species may serve also as a reliable biodiversity indicator in different terPageBreakritories, such as nature reserves and agricultural or urban landscapes. The distribution data may also reflect the progress of climatic changes (Kozár 1997; 2009; Kozár et al. 2004; Kozár et al. 2009).

The world distribution of insect pests has changed greatly in recent decades, mainly due to increasing international trade in plant material. Scale insects are particularly well adapted to accidental introduction because their habits are often cryptic, so they can escape detection during quarantine inspections (Muniappan et al. 2009). Specifically, in recent years intensive scale insect invasions have been observed in several parts of Europe. In parallel, the number of species detected in the continent increased substantially, both outdoors and in indoor conditions such as greenhouses, commercial fruit stores and nurseries (Ben-Dov et al. 2013; Fetykó and Kozár 2012; Fetykó and Szita 2012; Malumphy and Badmin 2012; Pellizzari and Germain 2010).

Early data on the distribution of scale insects in Hungary were summarized by Kosztarab and Kozár (1978; 1988) and by Kozár (1998). The last check list of the scale insects of Hungary (Kozár 2005) reported 235 species and provided distribution maps. At the same time, the international ScaleNet database contained 206 scale insect species recorded from Hungary (Ben-Dov et al. 2013). Since the work of Kozár (2005), 17 new scale records from Hungary have been published (Fetykó and Kozár 2012; Fetykó and Szita 2012; Klupács and Volent 2012; Kozár 2004; 2009; Kozár et al. 2012; Kozár et al. in preparation; Kozár et al. 2004; Kozár and Konczné Benedicty 2005; 2007; Kozár et al. 2009). In the present paper we provide the latest checklist of scale insect species found in Hungary, and give a zoogeographic analysis of the known fauna of Central Europe and surrounding countries.

Scale insect species in Hungary are grouped into three categories. True members of the Hungarian fauna can be found regularly in outdoor habitats and typically overwinter outdoors. The second category of species is generally found in greenhouses or other buildings, mainly on ornamental plants. These introduced species are, in some cases, well-established in Hungary and may occur regularly, but are unable to overwinter outdoors. The third category consists of relatively few, introduced species that occur typically on imported tropical or subtropical fruits for consumption. Some of these species have not been able to establish at all, even in greenhouses, despite repeated introductions over several decades. All the species in the following checklist are assigned to one of these three categories.

Materials and methods

The list below is based on the collection data of the authors between 2003 and 2013 and includes earlier records from Kozár (2005). In this ten-year period, 4738 scale insect samples were studied (Kozár’s collection index numbers 6097–0835). The samples originated from both outdoors and indoors, i.e. field trips, greenhouses, botanical gardens, nurseries, imported fruits and indoor ornamental plants.

The scales were mounted on microscope slides following the method described by Kosztarab and Kozár (1988). Voucher specimens, mainly in form of microscope slides, can be found in Kozár’s collection in the Plant Protection Institute at the Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Science.

The nomenclature of the scale insects has frequently been changed, even within the last decade. The scientific names used below therefore are annotated to relate them to those that were used in earlier Hungarian publications. We have endeavoured to maintain conformity with our previous works, as well as with the international scale insect database on “ScaleNet” (Ben-Dov et al. 2013). The taxonomic status of the families Margarodidae and Pseudococcidae are subject to current research, so these families in their wider circumscription are dicussed here as Margarodidae sensu lato and Pseudococcidae sensu lato.

For the zoogeographical and zoological subregion of Central Europe, we used the Palaearctic concept of Emeljanov (1974). Species richness data of different countries was based on the ScaleNet database (Ben-Dov et al. 2013), and published local checklists were used for comparison purposes (Fetykó et al. 2010; Foldi 2001; Gertsson 2001; Jansen 1999; Kozár 2005; Kozár et al. 1994; Kozár et al. in preparation; Lagowska 2001; Masten-Milek and Simala 2008; Pellizzari and Russo 2004; Schmutterer 2008; Seljak 2010; Tereznikova 1975; 1981; 1986).

Results and discussion

The number of scale insect species in Hungary has increased by 39 (16.6 %) in the last ten years, and currently totals 274 species in ten families (Tables 1 and 2). The largest families in order of species richness are: Pseudococcidae with 101 species, Diaspididae (59 species), Coccidae (54 species) and Eriococcidae with 33 species. The new species to the Hungarian fauna recorded here belong to the Pseudococcidae, Diaspididae and Eriococcidae. Most of the species in the checklist (224; 81.75 %) are native and live outdoors. The check list contains 50 introduced (generally cosmopolitan) species, mainly occurring indoors in Hungary on ornamental plants in greenhouses and buildings. Of these indoor species, 33 occurred only in greenhouses or buildings (mainly on ornamental plants) and 7 were found exclusively on imported tropical/subtropical fruits for consumption. Four of the species living in greenhouses sometimes also occur outdoors. Four other species, which are typically found on imported fruit, also appear in greenhouses from time to time. Two of the newly recorded species were found on imported nursery plant material. In the present list, 22 species are new to the Hungarian fauna. According to these data, Hungary is the most scale-insect-species-rich country in in Central Europe (Fig. 1).

Table 1.

The number of scale insect species in different categories.

	Number of species	%
New to the Hungarian fauna	22	8.03
Only found outdoors	224	81.75
Introduced on propagation plant material (outdoor conditions)	2	0.73
Only found indoors (in greenhouses and buildings)	33	12.40
Only found on imported fruit	7	2.55
Mainly found in greenhouses	4	1.46
Mainly on imported fruits, but occasionally in greenhouses	4	1.46
Total	274	-

Table 2.

Updated checklist of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Hungary (2013), with comments and nomenclatural changes. Information on the original decriptions of species can be found in ScaleNet database (Ben-Dov et al. 2013).

Taxon	Comment
Asterolecaniidae (3 genera)
Asterodiaspis bella (Russell, 1941)
Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché, 1851)
Asterodiaspis roboris (Russell, 1941)
Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg, 1870)
Asterodiaspis viennae (Russell, 1941)
Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché, 1844)
Planchonia arabidis Signoret, 1877	Previously recorded as Asterolecanium fimbriatum (Leonardi, 1920).
Cerococcidae (1 genus)
Cerococcus cycliger Goux, 1932
Coccidae (27 genera)
Ceroplastes japonicus Green, 1921	Found in Hungary in 2011 (Klupács and Volent 2012).
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893	Found in Hungary in 2011 (Fetykó and Kozár 2012).
Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758).	According to Kosztarab (1955) the latest record of this species in Hungary was published in 1883. Has probably disappeared.
Chloropulvinaria floccifera (Westwood, 1870)
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1756	Found on Maclura sp. outdoors in recent years in Hungary (Velence) (Salamon and Tőkés 2010). Overwintering method not known.
Eriopeltis festucae (Fonscolombe, 1834)
Eriopeltis lichtensteini Signoret, 1876
Eriopeltis stammeri Schmutterer, 1952
Etiennea villiersi Matile-Ferrero, 1984	It has not been found since its first record (Kozár 2005), and has probably disappeared.
Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret, 1873)
Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas, 1891)
Eulecanium franconicum (Lindinger, 1912)
Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Previously recorded as Eulecanium mali (Schrank, 1781).
Eupulvinaria hydrangeae (Steinweden, 1946)
Exaeretopus formiceticola Newstead, 1894
Exaeretopus mahunkai Kozár & Drozdják, 1990
Gascardia hodgsoni Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985	It has not been found since its first record (Kozár 2005), and has probably disappeared.
Lecanopsis formicarum Newstead, 1893	Previously recorded as Lecanopsis terrestris Borchsenius, 1952.
Lecanopsis subterranea (Gomez Menor Ortega, 1948	Previously recorded as Longicoccus festucae Borchsenius, 1952.
Lecanopsis turcica (Bodenheimer, 1951)	Previously recorded as Lecanopsis porifera Borchsenius, 1952
Luzulaspis kosztarabi Koteja & Kozár, 1979
Luzulaspis nemorosa Koteja, 1966	Previously recorded as Lecanopsis luzulae (Dufour, 1864).
Luzulaspis rajae Kozár, 1981
Luzulaspis scotica Green, 1926	Previously recorded as Lecanopsis borchsenii Rehacek 1959.
Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Targioni Tozzetti, 1868)
Parafairmairia bipartita (Signoret, 1872)
Parafairmairia gracilis Green, 1916
Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché, 1844)
Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893)
Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius, 1776)
Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954)
Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell, 1903)
Phyllostroma myrtilli (Kaltenbach, 1874).	The occurrence of this species in Hungary was mentioned by Lindinger (1912). No voucher specimen in Kozár’s collection.
Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826)
Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár, 1973
Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801)
Poaspis intermedia (Goux, 1939)	Previously recorded as Luzulaspis.
Poaspis jahandiezi (Balachowsky, 1932)	Previously recorded as Luzulaspis.
Poaspis lata (Goux, 1939)
Psilococcus ruber Borchsenius, 1952
Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret, 1873
Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Previously recorded as Pulvinaria betulae (Linnaeus, 1758).
Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1830)	It has not been found since its first record (Kozár 2005), and has probably disappeared.
Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret, 1873)
Rhizopulvinaria gracilis Canard, 1967
Rhizopulvinaria spinifera Borchsenius, 1952
Rhodococcus perornatus (Cockerell & Parrott, 1899)	Previously recorded as Rhodococcus bulgariensis (Wünn, 1939) or Rhodococcus rosophilus Borchsenius, 1953.
Rhodococcus spireae (Borchsenius, 1949)
Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852)	Previously recorded as Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867).
Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791)
Scythia craniumequinum Kiritchenko, 1938
Scythia festuceti (Šulc, 1941)
Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe, 1834)
Vittacoccus longicornis (Green, 1916)
Cryptococcidae (2 genera)
Cryptococcus aceris Borchsenius, 1937
Cryptococcus fagisuga, Lindinger, 1912
Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860)
Diaspididae (27 genera)
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869)	Found in 2013 by K. Fetykó on Globularia punctata outdoors in Hungary (Budapest, Sashegy). Overwintering method unknown.
Aonidia lauri (Bouché, 1833)
Acanthomytilus jablonowskii Kozár & Matile-Ferrero, 1983
Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879)
Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833	Previously recorded as Aspidiotus hederae Signoret, 1869.
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2013 by K. Fetykó on Phoenix roubellini indoors in Hungary (Kecskemét).
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché, 1833)
Aulacaspis yatsumatsui Takagi, 1977	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2012 by K. Fetykó on Cycas revoluta indoors in Hungary (Kecskemét).
Carulaspis carueli (Signoret, 1869)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2009-2012 by F. Kozár indoors and outdoors in Hungary (Csepel, Nagykovácsi, Solymár, Zalakomár), on nursery plants (Thuja sp., Chamaecyparis sp., Juniperus sp.).
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché, 1851)	In high densities on ornamental plants in recent years.
Carulaspis visci (Schrank, 1781)	According to Kosztarab (1955) the first record of the species in Hungary was in 1950. No voucher specimen in Kozár’s collection.
Chionaspis austriaca Lindinger, 1912	According to Kosztarab (1955) the first record of the species in Hungary was in 1938. No voucher specimen in Kozár’s collection.
Chionaspis lepineyi Balachowsky, 1928
Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1958)
Chortinaspis subterraneus (Lindinger, 1912)
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Previously recorded as Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead, 1880.
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889)
Diaspidiotus alni (Marchal, 1909)
Diaspidiotus bavaricus (Lindinger, 1912)
Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus labiatarum (Marchal, 1909)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus lenticularis (Lindinger, 1912)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus marani Zahradnik, 1952	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis, 1843)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus pyri (Lichtenstein, 1881)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus sulci Balachowsky, 1950	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus.
Diaspidiotus wuenni (Lindinger, 1923)
Diaspidiotus zonatus (Frauenfeld, 1868)	Previously recorded as Quadraspidiotus; Diaspidiotus hungaricus Kosztarab, 1956 is a synonym.
Diaspis bouisduvali Signoret, 1869	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2006 by É. Szita on Ananas sp. indoors in Hungary (Budapest).
Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778)
Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833)
Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776)	Previously recorded as Nuculaspis.
Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead, 1896)
Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret, 1869)
Ferreroaspis hungaricus (Vinis, 1981)	Previously recorded as Acanthomytilus
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881)
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869).	Often in high densities on imported lemon and orange fruit.
Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin, 1789)	Previously recorded as Mytilaspis rubri Thiem, 1931.
Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869)
Lepidosaphes granati Koroneos, 1934	Previously recorded as Mytilococcus.
Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Šulc, 1895)
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758)	The validity of the synonyms Lepidosaphes tiliae Savescu, 1957 and Lepidosaphes populi Savescu, 1957 and/or their presence in Hungary is questionable.
Leucaspis loewi Colvée, 1882	Previously recorded as Anamaspis. In very high densities in recent years (Kozár et al. 2012).
Leucaspis pini (Hartig, 1839).	In very high densities in recent years (Kozár et al. 2012).
Leucaspis pusilla Löw, 1883.	In very high densities in recent years (Kozár et al. 2012).
Mohelnaspis massiliensis (Goux, 1937)
Mycetaspis personata (Comstock, 1883)
Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 1887
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881
Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869)
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886)	Important outdoor pest of fruit and and ornamental plantss in Hungary; found in 2012 by K. Fetykó on kiwi fruit imported from Greece.
Rhizaspidiotus balachowskyi Kozár & Matile-Ferrero, 1983
Syngenaspis parlatoriae Šulc, 1895	Placed by some authors in Parlatoria.
Targionia vitis (Signoret, 1876)
Unaspis euonymi (Comstock, 1881)	A very important pest of Euonymus in towns in recent years.
Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana, 1923)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2013 in Hungary (Budapest) indoors.
Eriococcidae (8 genera)
Acanthococcus aceris Signoret, 1875
Acanthococcus melnikensis Hodgson & Trencheva, 2008	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 1969 in Hungary (Vászoly) by F. Kozár on Quercus sp.
Acanthococcus roboris (Goux, 1931)
Acanthococcus thymi (Schrank, 1801)
Anophococcus agropyri Borchsenius, 1949	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Anophococcus cingulatus (Kiritchenko, 1940)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Anophococcus cynodontis (Kiritchenko, 1940)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Anophococcus granulatus (Green, 1931)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2007 in Hungary (Vászoly) by F. Kozár on Poaceae.
Anophococcus herbaceus Danzig, 1962	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Anophococcus insignis (Newstead, 1891)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Anophococcus species nova Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2013	Previously recorded as Rhizococcus cistacearum (Goux, 1936), a misidentification of Anophococcus sp. n.). New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2008 in Hungary (Fehérszék) by G. Konz on Festuca sp.
Anophococcus pseudinsignis (Green, 1921)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus or Rhizococcus.
Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778)
Greenisca brachypodii Borchsenius & Danzig, 1966
Greenisca gouxi (Balachowsky, 1954)
Gregoporia erwini Kozár, 1996	Previously recorded as Greenisca.
Kaweckia glyceriae (Green, 1921)	Previously recorded as Greenisca.
Kaweckia laeticoris (Tereznikova, 1965)	Previously recorded as Greenisca.
Ovaticoccus agavium (Douglas, 1888)
Rhizococcus artiguesi Goux, 1991	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2011 in Hungary (Budaörs) by F. Kozár on Thymus glabrescens.
Rhizococcus baldonensis Rasina, 1966
Rhizococcus cantium (Williams, 1985)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus echinatus (Goux, 1936)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found by D-vac method in 1982 in Hungary (Sashegy) by A. Rákóczi, on Festucetum.
Rhizococcus desertus Matesova, 1957	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus devoniensis (Green, 1896)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus gnidii Silvestri, 1875	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 1981 in Hungary (Budaörs) by F. Kozár on Thymus glabrescens.
Rhizococcus greeni (Newstead, 1898)
Rhizococcus istresianus (Goux, 1989)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2007 in Hungary (Törek) by F. Kozár on Hieracium sp.
Rhizococcus micracanthus Danzig, 1975	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus munroi Boratynski, 1962	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus reynei (Schmutterer, 1952)	Previously recorded as Acanthococcus.
Rhizococcus targassoniensis (Goux, 1993)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2008 in Hungary (Bócsa) by Z. Konczné Benedicty on Artemisia sp.
Rhizococcus zernae (Tereznikova, 1977)	New to the Hungarian fauna.
Kermesidae (1 genus)
Kermes bacciformis Leonardi, 1908
Kermes gibbosus Signoret, 1875
Kermes quercus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Kermes roboris (Fourcroy, 1785)
Margarodidae (5 genera)
Dimargarodes mediterraneus Silvestri, 1906
Icerya purchasi (Maskell, 1878)
Matsucoccus pini (Green, 1925)	Previously recorded as Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana, 1905).
Neomargarodes festucae Archangelskaja, 1935
Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ortheziidae (4 genera)
Insignorthezia insignis (Browne, 1887)	Previously recorded as Orthezia.
Newsteadia floccosa (De Geer, 1778)
Orthezia arenariae Vayssiere, 1923
Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Orthezia yashusi Kuwana, 0923
Ortheziola britannica Kozár & Miller, 2000
Ortheziola vejdovskyi Šulc, 1895
Pseudococcidae (35 genera)
Atrococcus achilleae (Kiritchenko, 1936)
Atrococcus arakelianae (Ter-Grigorjan, 1964)
Atrococcus bejbienkoi Kozár & Danzig, 1976
Atrococcus cracens Williams, 1962
Atrococcus paludinus (Green, 1921)
Balanococcus boratynskii Williams, 1962
Balanococcus singularis Schmutterer, 1952	Previously recorded as Trionymus.
Boreococcus ingricus Danzig, 1960
Brevennia pulveraria (Newstead, 1892)
Ceroputo pilosellae (Šulc, 1898)	Previously recorded as Puto.
Chaetococcus phragmitis (Marchal, 1909)
Chaetococcus sulci (Green, 1934)
Chnaurococcus danzigae Kozár & Kosztarab, 1976
Chorizococcus rostrellum (Lobdell, 1930)
Chorizococcus senarius McKenzie, 1967	Previously this species was known only from USA (California) (Ben-Dov et al. 2013). It was found in Hungary (Töreki) at a highway rest area on Cynodon dactylon. The mealybug could have be introduced on transported plant material.
Coccidohystrix samui Kozár & Benedicty, 1997)
Coccura comari (Künow, 1880)
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Newstead, 1891)
Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead, 1891)
Fonscolombia europeae (Newstead, 1897)
Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein, 1877
Fonscolombia tomlini (Newstead, 1892)	Previously recorded as Phenacoccopsis.
Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933
Heliococcus bohemicus Šulc, 1912
Heliococcus danzigae Bazarov, 1974
Heliococcus glacialis (Newstead, 1900)	Previously recorded as Heliococcus cydoniae Borchsenius, 1937.
Heliococcus radicicola Goux, 1934
Heliococcus salviae Borchsenius, 1949
Heliococcus sulci Goux, 1934
Heterococcus agropyri Savescu, 1985	Proposed as a synonym of Heterococcus nudus (Green, 1926).
Heterococcus nudus (Green, 1926)
Heterococcus tritici (Kiritchenko, 1932)
Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2004	An element from the steppes, origin unknown.
Longicoccus ashtarakensis Ter-Grigorjan, 1964	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2004 in Hungary (Orgovány) by F. Kozár and Z. Konczné Benedicty, on Festuca sp. Probably native.
Longicoccus festucae (Koteja, 1971)
Longicoccus psammophilus (Koteja, 1971)
Metadenopus festucae Šulc, 1933
Mirococcopsis avetianae Ter-Grigorian, 1964
Mirococcopsis borchsenii (Ter-Grigorian, 1964)	Previously recorded as Eumirococcus.
Mirococcopsis elongatus Borchsenius, 1948
Mirococcopsis nagyi Kozár, 1981
Mirococcopsis subterraneus (Newstead, 1893)	Previously recorded as Chnaurococcus.
Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell, 1892)
Peliococcus balteatus (Green, 1928)
Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritchenko, 1935)
Peliococcus marrubii (Kiritchenko, 1935)	Previously recorded as Spinococcus.
Peliococcus rosae Danzig, 2001	Previously recorded as Spinococcus morrisoni Kiritchenko, 1935.
Peliococcus turanicus (Kiritchenko, 1931)
Pelizzaricoccus gabrielis Kozár, 1991	New to theHungarian fauna. Found in 2005 by D-vac in Hungary (Nagykovácsi), by F. Samu and E. Botos. Origin unknown.
Phenacoccus abditus Borchsenius, 1949
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875)	Previously recorded by the synonym Phenacoccus mespili (Signoret, 1875). No voucher specimens available.
Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius, 1949
Phenacoccus bicerarius Borchsenius, 1949
Phenacoccus evelinae (Tereznikova, 1975)	Previously recorded as Paroudablis graminis Tereznikova, 1968.
Phenacoccus ferulae Borchsenius, 1949
Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman, 1886)
Phenacoccus interruptus Green, 1923	Previously recorded as Paroudablis.
Phenacoccus persimplex Borchsenius, 1949
Phenacoccus phenacoccoides (Kiritchenko, 1932)
Phenacoccus piceae Löw, 1883	Previously recorded as Paroudablis.
Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritchenko, 1935
Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813)	In high densities in greenhouses and buildings; males were caught by pheromone traps in Central Europe.
Planococcus vovae (Nassonov, 1908)	Previously recorded as Allococcus. In high densities in recent years on Thuja sp., Juniperus sp., and Chamaecyparis sp. (Fetykó 2010).
Polystomophora ostiaplurima (Kiritchenko, 1940)
Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, 1947	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2007 in Hungary (Gyál) by K. Fürst on Musa sp. fruits. Unknown origin.
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1868)	Previously recorded as Pseudococcus microadonidum.
Pseudococcus microadonidum Beardsley, 1966
Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875)	Previously recorded as Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell, 1894), Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, 1909, or Pseudococcus maritimus Ehrhorn, 1900).
Puto superbus (Leonardi, 1907)	Previously recorded as Macrocerococcus.
Rhizoecus albidus Goux, 1936)
Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946)
Rhizoecus falcifer Künckel d’Herculais, 1878
Rhizoecus franconiae Schmutterer, 1956
Rhizoecus kazahstanus Matesova, 1980
Rhodania porifera Goux, 1935
Ripersiella caesii Schmutterer, 1956	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2007 in Hungary (Sárbogárd) by B. Kiss on Festuca sp. Probably native. Previously recorded as Rhizoecus.
Ripersiella halophila (Hardy, 1868)	Previously recorded as Rhizoecus.
Ripersiella lelloi (Mazzeo, 1995)
Ripersiella periolana (Goux, 1985)	Previously recorded as Ripersiella halophilus.
Ripersiella poltavae Laing, 1929	Previously recorded as Rhizoecus.
Ritsemia pupifera Lichtenstein, 1879
Spilococcus artemisiphilus Tang, 1988	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2009 in Hungary (Csepel) by F. Kozár and É. Szita on Lotus corniculatus. Probably native.
Spilococcus furcatissispinus (Borchsenius, 1937)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2009 in Hungary (Lajosmizse) by F. Kozár on Festuca sp. Probably native.
Spilococcus halli (McKenzie & Williams, 1965)	Previously recorded as Chorizococcus viktorina.
Spilococcus mamillariae (Bouché, 1844)	Previously recorded as Spilococcus cactearum.
Trionymus aberrans Goux, 1938
Trionymus dactylis Green, 1925
Trionymus elymi (Borchsenius, 1949)
Trionymus graminellus Borchsenius, 1949	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in 2010 in Hungary (Törökbálint) by F. Kozár on Festuca sp. Probable native.
Trionymus hamberdi (Borchsenius, 1949)
Trionymus multivorus (Kiritchenko, 1935)
Trionymus newsteadi (Green, 1917)
Trionymus perrisii (Signoret, 1875)
Trionymus phalaridis Green, 1925
Trionymus radicum (Newstead, 1895)
Trionymus singularis Schmutterer, 1952	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in Hungary (Gyál) by F. Kozár on Agropyron sp. Probably native.
Trionymus thulensis Green, 1931
Trionymus tomlini Green, 1925
Volvicoccus stipae Borchsenius, 1949	Previously recorded as Mirococcopsis.
Volvicoccus volvifer (Goux, 1945)	New to the Hungarian fauna. Found in Hungary (Sashegy) by D-vac (leg: E. Botos) on Brometum. Probably native.
Vryburgia brevicruris (McKenzie, 1960)

Comments:

i. The record of the presence of (Hall, 1923) in Hungary was given by Danzig and Pellizzari in Kozár (ed.) (1998), cited by ScaleNet, is not proven.

ii. The presence of Shi, 1990 in Hungary, cited by ScaleNet, is not proven (error or misidentification).

iii. The record of the presence of (Colvée, 1880) in Hungary given by Kosztarab and Kozár (1988), based on US quarantine record cited by ScaleNet, is not proven.

iv. The record of (Linnaeus, 1758) given by Sugonyaev (1965) as a host of a parasitoid, cited by ScaleNet as a scale distribution record, is a misunderstanding of the text; the distribution record concerns the parasitoid species, not the scale.

v. The record of the presence of Green, 1928, cited by ScaleNet as a scale distribution record for Hungary, is probably a misunderstanding of the text of Kosztarab and Kozár (1978), where it was mentioned as possibly present in Hungary.

Figure 1.

Biogeographic map of Central Europe after Emeljavon (1974) in the wider sense, with scale insect species numbers. In each country, the first number represents the number of scale insect species from ScaleNet database (Ben-Dov et al. 2013); the second number, if present, shows the number of species recorded in the following published check lists: (a) Gertsson 2001; (b) Jansen 1999; (c) Lagowska 2001; (d) Schmutterer 2008; (e) Tereznikova 1975; 1981; 1986; (f) Foldi 2001; (g) Kozár et al. 1994; (i) Fetykó et al. 2010; (j) Seljak 2010; (k) Pellizzari and Russo 2004; (l) Masten-Milek and Simala 2008; (m) Trecheva et al. 2012; (n) Tomov et al. 2009 and the present work for Hungary (h).

No species should be considered as truly endemic only on the basis of its presence in a checklist, because the lack of a species in the surrounding countries is most likely due to inadequate exploration of those areas (Fig. 1). Out of the above list, PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreak106 (38.69%) species are considered as widely distributed Pan-Palaearctic species, 75 (27.37%) are widely distributed Euro-Siberian species, 91 (33.21%) are cosmopolitan, and only two species are known to originate from the Mediterranean subregion.

Our data from Hungary shows a substantially different picture from that of earlier analyses dealing with scale insect zoogeography (Danzig 1980; Kozár 1995; Kozár and Drozdják 1986), where most of the species were thought to be restricted to one of the special subregions of the Palaearctic Region. The high proportion of the Palaearctic and cosmopolitan species in our analysis shows some similarity with the fauna of Israel (Ben-Dov 2012). This may be explained by the special borderline situation of each of these countries. Both are situated on the borders between different zoogeographic regions: Hungary on the borders of the European-Siberian and Mediterranean subregions, with strong influence from Irano-Turanian subregions; while Israel is on the borders of the Palaearctic, Oriental and the Ethiopian regions. Hungary has a temPageBreakperate climate, but with several submediterranean, xerophilous habitats. In addition, the Great Hungarian Plain belongs to the steppic province of the Palaearctic Region, which ranges from Hungary to China and the Far East (Emeljanov 1974). The importance of the steppic influence can be seen in that almost 50% of the species belong to the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae, and most of them live on grasses and small herbaceous plants (Table 3).

Table 3.

Number of scale insect species in Hungary, by family

Family	Number of species	% of the Hungarian fauna	Number of new records
Asterolecaniidae	7	2.55	0
Cerococcidae	1	0.36	0
Coccidae	54	19.71	0
Cryptococcidae	3	1.09	0
Diaspididae	59	21.53	5
Eriococcidae	33	12.04	9
Kermesidae	4	1.46	0
Margarodidae s.l.	5	11.82	0
Ortheziidae	7	2.55	0
Pseudococcidae	101	36.86	8

In Central Europe in the wide bio-geographic sense of Emeljanov (1974), the Hungarian list of 274 species (Fig. 1) represents the greatest species-richness value among the component countries. Undoubtedly this is partly due to better exploration of Hungary. However, it is also due to the various climatic influences affecting the territory from different directions. Important differences in species richness values were found between the data on ScaleNet and the local checklists (Fetykó et al. 2010; Foldi 2001; Gertsson 2001; Jansen 1999; Kozár 2005; Kozár et al. 1994; Kozár et al. in preparation; Lagowska 2001; Masten-Milek and Simala 2008; Pellizzari and Russo 2004; Schmutterer 2008; Seljak 2010; Tereznikova 1975; 1981; 1986, Tomov et al. 2009; Trencheva 2012). The map shows that some countries, like Bosnia and Serbia, are inadequately represented in the ScaleNet database. The published check lists in general show a more reliable picture; however, in some cases we meet an opposite situation (for example, for Germany and France). These discrepancies need further study in the future.

Concerning the category of species found indoors in greenhouses and buildings (Table 4) detailed information on these species are available in Kosztarab and Kozár (1978; 1988), in Kozár (1989; 1998; 2005) and on ScaleNet. Four species in this category are new records for the Hungarian fauna. ( Signoret, 1869, (Kuwana, 1923), Signoret, 1869, Takagi, 1977). The following species have become significant pests in Hungary in recent years: Bouché, 1833; Linnaeus, 1758; (Risso, 1813); (Targioni Tozzetti, 1868); (Signoret, 1875) and (Walker, 1852) (Kozár 1989).

Table 4.

List of scale insect species found indoors in greenhouses and buildings (on ornamental plants) in Hungary

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869)

Aonidia lauri (Bouché, 1833)

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869.

Asteroleanium epidendri (Bouché, 1844)

Aulacaspis yatsumatsui Takagi, 1977

Ceroplastes japonicus Green, 1921

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893

Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889)

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758

Diaspis bouisduvali Signoret, 1869

Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner, 1778)

Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833)

Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead, 1896)

Etiennea villiersi Matile-Ferrero, 1984

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret, 1873)

Gascardia hodgsoni Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985

Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock, 1881)

Icerya purchasi (Maskell, 1878)

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock, 1883)

Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell, 1892)

Prelongorthezia insignis Browne, 1887

Ovaticoccus agavium (Douglas, 1888)

Parlatoria crotonis Douglas, 1887

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869)

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899)

Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813)

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1868)

Pseudococcus microadonidum Beardsley, 1966

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875)

Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1830)

Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946)

Rhizoecus falcifer Künckel d’Herculais, 1878

Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852)

Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791)

Spilococcus mamillariae (Bouché, 1844)

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana, 1923)

Vryburgia brevicruris (McKenzie, 1960)

A detailed study of the scale insects introduced into Hungary on tropical and subtropical fruits was published by Kozár and Kienitz (1979), whose list already contained 13 species shown in Table 5, only one species in this category is new record for the Hungarian fauna ( Borchsenius, 1957). The number of species in this category is surprisingly low, compared to the number of pests living on various fruits exported from the different regions of production. The low species number reflects the efforts made by exporting countries to prevent the spread of invasive pests. It should be noted that most of these species were unable to establish in Hungary even indoors in greenhouses or on ornamental plants in buildings, despite repeated introductions over more than one hundred years. On the other hand, some of them have become regular pests in Hungary, which has lead to some overlap with the category in Table 4. Among these species, , and occur in greenhouses and buildings, while and are found outdoors.

Table 5.

Scale insect species found in Hungary on imported (mainly subtropical and tropical) fruits for consumption.

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879)

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833

Carulaspis caruelii (Signoret, 1869)

Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889)

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Newstead, 1891)

Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869)

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869)

Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853)

Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813)

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886)

Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius, 1957

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875)