Until now, there are 26 scorpion species of 7 genera of 5 families recorded in Xizang (China). Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) is the scorpion biodiversity richest area in China (53 scorpion species of 12 genera of 5 families), also the highest altitude habitat of scorpions in the world. We present information of type specimens, an identification key of the scorpion species from Xizang, the distribution, updated feature pictures, and discussion on the disputed species. The redescriptions of Scorpiops jendeki Kovařík, 2000 (Yunnan) and Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 (Xizang), comments and feature figures of species of genus Scorpiops are provided for identification.
Until now, there are 26 scorpion species of 7 genera of 5 families recorded in Xizang (China). Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) is the scorpion biodiversity richest area in China (53 scorpion species of 12 genera of 5 families), also the highest altitude habitat of scorpions in the world. We present information of type specimens, an identification key of the scorpion species from Xizang, the distribution, updated feature pictures, and discussion on the disputed species. The redescriptions of Scorpiops jendeki Kovařík, 2000 (Yunnan) and Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 (Xizang), comments and feature figures of species of genus Scorpiops are provided for identification.
Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region is located in southwest China (26°52'–36°32'N, 78°24'–99°06'E), about 1,228,400 km2 (≈12.5% of China), famous as the “Roof of the world”. Xizang facing Xinjiang and Qinghai to the north, Sichuan and Yunnan to the east, while India, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal and Kashmir to the south PageBreakand west (Bai, 2004). It is the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 m, its central part above 4,500 m.PageBreak Hirst, 1911 (Euscorpiidae) was the first scorpion species established by Xizang (China) specimens. Hirst (1911) described this new species by comparing it with some relatives briefly. Almost ninety years later, Kovařík (2000a and b) reported 2 new species: Kovařík, 2000 (Chaerilidae); Kovařík, 2000 and 1 new record: (Gervais, 1843). Zhu, Qi and Song (2004) summarized the historical scorpion records in China: totally 19 species and subspecies of scorpion s belonging to 9 genera and 5 families according to the relevant literatures, and presented the distribution information on species from Xizang: (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpionidae) and Pocock, 1893. From 2005, much more work on Xizang was finished. Kovařík (2005) described Kovařík, 2005 (Euscorpiidae). After scientific expedition, Qi, Zhu and Lourenço (2005) published the first comprehensive report of scorpions from Xizang, discovered 6 new species belonging to Chaerilidae () and Euscorpiidae ( and ): Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005; and Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005. Lourenço, Qi and Zhu (2005) identified Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005 (Buthidae), and Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005. Lourenço and Qi (2006) established of a new genera by specimens from Xizang: Lourenço & Qi, 2006 (Hemiscorpiidae) and new species: Lourenço & Qi, 2006. Bastawade (2006) reported 2 new species and 4 new records: Bastawade, 2006; (Pocock, 1890); Pocock, 1899; (Pocock, 1900); Bastawade, 2006; Pocock, 1893 by the specimens from South Xizang (China). Lourenço and Zhu (2008) discovered a new species belonging to (Buthidae): Lourenço & Zhu, 2008, at the same time, was a new recorded genus to Xizang. Zhu, Han and Lourenço (2008) summarized the chaerilid scorpions of China, and provided the redescriptions for Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005 and Kovařík, 2000; pointed out that (Pocock, 1890) which was described by Qi et al. (2005) was misidentified, and described one new species: Zhu, Han and Lourenço, 2008, all of them from Xizang. Di and Zhu (2009a and b) established 2 new species: Di & Zhu, 2009 and Di & Zhu, 2009 successively. Di and Zhu (2009c) described the male of firstly. Di et al. (2009) analysed the genus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae) from China, described the female Pocock, 1899 firstly ( Kraepelin, 1913 was a wrong record in this paper). Di and Zhu (2010) provided the redescription of Kovařík, 2000, and reported the female for the first time. Sun, Zhu and Lourenço (2010) accommodated Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005 in the genus , as a new combination (Lourenço, Qi & Zhu 2005). In the meantime, Teruel and Rein (2010) transferred Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005 to the genus (Buthidae) too. Recently, Kovařík (2012) reported five new species of genus , including a Xizang species Kovařík, 2012.Until now, twenty-six scorpion species of seven genera and five families were recorded in Xizang, all of them distribute in south and the north shores of Yarlung Zangbo Jiang. All of the eight species of from China found in Xizang, 10 of 11 species of from China living in Xizang (others: Kovařík, 1994 found in Yunnan, one unnamed species of in Hubei see Di et al. 2011a), 4 of 12 species of from China found in Xizang (other 8 species in Yunnan; see Di et al. 2011b). The scientific expedition investigation of some areas of China has been finished basically which reflected in the papers (Qi et al. 2005; Shi et al. 2007; Zhang and Zhu, 2009; Di et al. 2009, 2010, 2011a and b, 2012; Sun and Sun, 2011). Followed these reports, Xizang is the richest area in China in scorpion diversity.
Material and methods
Illustrations and measurements were produced using a Motic K-700L stereomicroscope with an Abbe drawing device and an ocular micrometer. Measurements follow Sissom (1990), and are given in mm. Trichobothrial notations follow Vachon (1974) and morphological terminology mostly follows Hjelle (1990). Terminology of metasomal carination follows Vachon (1952), Prendini (2000) and Soleglad and pedipalp chela carinae follow Sissom (2001) for. FKCP: private collection of F. Kovařík, Prague, Czech Republic; MHBU: Museum of the College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China; MNHN: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; NCZS: National Collections, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. NMPC: National Museum (Natural History), Prague, Czech Republic.
Holotype, male; Paratypes, 9 males and 9 females, China, Xizang, south region of Pulan, low valley of the river Kongque He, near to the border with Nepal, 7/1931. Male holotype, 7 male and 8 female paratypes deposited in MNHN. 2 male and 1 female paratypes deposited in MHBU.
: Fet, 2000a: 323; Kovařík, 2000a: 38; Kovařík, 2005: 1; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005: 29; Lourenço & Zhu, 2008: 462.Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_conchiformusChaerilus pictus : Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005:34–38, figs 126–144.Chaerilus conchiformus Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008: 38–44, figs 1–21, tab. 1.Holotype, female, China, Xizang, Nyingchi County, Bayi Town, 29°41'N, 94°21'E, 17/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0201); Paratype, 1 female juvenile, China, Xizang, Nyingchi County, Bayi town, 6/8/2003, Feng Zhang leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0202); Paratypes, 6 females, China, Xizang, Nyingchi County, Baishuwang Town, 29°34'N, 94°30'E, 7/2006, Ming-Sheng Zhu, Xiao-Feng Yang and Long Liu leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0601-0606); Paratype,1 male, China, Xizang, Mainling County, Pai Town, 29°12'N, 94°06' E, 30/7/2006, Zhu Ming-Sheng, Yang Xiao-Feng and Liu Long leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0102) (deposited in MHBU).
Habitat.
Under the stones in the farmland (highland barley) and forest (cypress).Mainling County and Nyingchi County (China).Bastawade, 2006http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_dibangvalleycusChaerilus dibangvalleycus Bastawade, 2006: figs 1–16.Holotype, male; Paratypes, 5 females, 5 males and 2 young ones, China, Xizang, Dibangvalley District, Mayodia, 1800 Mts (deposited in NCZS).
Other materials reported.
3 males and 4 females, 15/9/1991, D. B. Bastawade leg.; 1 male, 16/9/1991, K.Alia leg.; 2 males and 1 female and 2 young ones, 17/9/1991, D. B. Bastawade leg.Mêdog County (China).Di & Zhu, 2009http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_mainlingensisChaerilus mainlingensis Di & Zhu, 2009a: 97–102, figs 1–16.Holotype, female, China, Xizang, Mainling County, the Estate of Gongbuwang, 12/7/2008, Zhi-Yong Di and Guo-Dong Ren leg. (Ar.-MHU-XZML0801); 1 female paratype, same data as holotype (Ar.-MHU-XZML0802) (deposited in MHBU).Under the stones of mixed forest.Mainling County (China).(Pocock, 1890)http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_pictusChaerilus pictus : Fet, 2000a: 327; Kovařík, 2000a: 53–54; figs 21–22, 39, 42–43, tabs 1–2; Lourenço & Bernard, 2010: figs 30–31.
Materials reported.
Specific locality see Bastawade, 2006.South Xizang (China); (Assam) India; (Silhet) Bangladesh.Qi,Zhu & Lourenço, 2005http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_tessellatusChaerilus tessellatus Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005: 30, 34, figs 109–125; Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008: 44–47, figs 30–44, tab. 1.Holotype, female, China, Xizang, Mêdog County, Beibeng Town, 29°02'N, 95°03'E, 22/8/2003, Feng Zhang leg. (MHBU, Ar.–MHU–XZ0301); 2 female paratypes, China, Xizang, Bomi County, 29°08'N, 95°07'E, 14/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (MHBU, Ar.–MHU–XZ0203; another deposited in MNHN); 1 female paratype, China, Xizang, Mêdog County, 108K-8K, 17/8/2003, Feng Zhang leg. (MHBU, Ar.–MHU–XZ0302).1 female, China, Xizang, Bomi County, Mt. Sela, 3/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (MHBU, Ar.–MHU–XZ0204); 2 femalejuveniles. China, Xizang, Nyingchi County, Dongjiu villige, 21/9/2007, Fu-Ming Shi leg. (MHBU, Ar.–MHU–XZ0401-02).Bomê County (Bomi), Mêdog County and Nyingchi County (China).Pocock, 1899http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_tricostatusChaerilus tricostatus : Fet, 2000a: 327, Kovařík, 2000a: 61–62, figs 27–28, tabs 1–2; Di et al., 2009: 131–138; figs 1–18; tab. 1.3 females, 1 female immature and 3 juveniles, China, Xizang, Mêdog County, elevation 1146m, 29°20'N, 95°20'E, 14/8/2009, Liqing Fan leg. (Ar.-MWHU-XAMT0901–07; deposited in MWHU).Mêdog County, South Xizang (China); (Assam) India.Kovařík, 2000http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_tryznaiChaerilus tryznai Kovařík, 2000a: 65–66, figs 32–33, tabs 1–2.Chaerilus tryznai : Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008: 47–51, figs 45–60, tab. 1.Holotype, male; Allotype and Paratype (No. 1), 2 females; Paratypes Nos. 2–12, 10 females and 1 immature, China, Xizang, Bomi County, 29°52'N, 95°45'E, 3000m, M. Tryzna & O. Safranek, FKCP.China, Xizang, Mêdog County, 29°02’N, 95°03’E, Hanmi Village, 11/8/2006, 1 female, Zhi-Shun Song leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0607) (in MHBU); China, Xizang, Mêdog County, Hanmi Village, 10/8/2006, 1 female, Zhi-Shun Song leg. Zhi-Shun Song leg. (Ar.–MHU–XZ0608) (deposited in MHBU).Under the stones in the mixed forest.Bomê County, Mêdog County (China).
Comments.
Five related species with close geographical distribution, : Kraepelin, 1913, , , , and , all with 7–8 granulated cutting edges on the movable fingers of pedipalp (Bastawade, 2006; Di & Zhu, 2009; Kovařík, 2000a; Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008). was described by type specimen from Assam (India), its original description is poor (see Kraepelin, 1913). Kovařík (2000a: 69), who analysed the old reference, recorded three characters of : middle and lateral eyes present; 7–8 granulated cutting edges on the movable fingers of pedipalp; the anterior margin of carapace arched in males. Lourenço and Duhem (2010) thought , with few differences from , may prove to be conspecific. Both sexes of , and have anterior margin truncated,but only females of have same anterior margin of carapace as . Except with poor information, other 4 species can be identified by the key provided in this paper.Kovařík, 2012http://species-id.net/wiki/Chaerilus_wrzecionkoiChaerilus wrzecionkoi Kovařík, 2012b: 11–13, figs 62–77.Holotype, allotype and paratypes, 2 males and 2 females, China, Xizang, Tomi (Tangmai), 30 km W of Donjung, 2075 m a.s.l., 23/6/2007, leg. A. Wrzecionko; FKCP.Tangmai (Tongmai?), Tomi (Bomê County?) (China).PageBreak are closest with Di & Zhu, 2009 and Kovařík, 2000. Both have manus and patella of pedipalp narrower and longer than other congeneric species. has four distinct carinae on the seventh sternite; has the seventh sternite granulated but without carinae; manus of pedipalp in male narrow and long, chela length/width ratio in male higher than 3 in Kovařík, 2000, while manus of pedipalp in male robust and chela length/width ratio in adults lower than 2.6 in (see Kovařík, 2012).
Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005: 6–10, figs 16–31.Holotype, male, China, Xizang, Lang district (29.02°N, 93.08°E), 7-8/2004, Ai-Min Shi and Yi-Bin Ba leg. (MHBU). Paratypes: 3 females, 1 male, same data as holotype (2 females in MHBU, 1 female and 1 male in MNHN); 1male, China, Xizang, Chayu district, Xia Zayü town (28.4°N, 97.0°E), 7/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (MHBU?); 2 females, China, Xizang, Lang district (29.02°N, 93.08°E), 20 August 2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (MHBU?); 1 male, China, Xizang, Gyaca district (29.1°N, 92.7°E), 21/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (MHBU?); 1 male, 1female, 22 August 2002, other data same as above (MHBU?).Gyaca County, Nang County (Lang district, Langxian district), Zayü County (China).Kovařík & Ahmed (2009: 10) provided a list of (Gervais, 1843) “complex”, which included 12 species, containing . Di et al. (2011a) summarized the characters of “complex” and excluded with the reasons as followed: (1) pectinal teeth count is 9–11 in , and 4–8 in (Kovařík, 2000: 178); (2) ventral trichobothria on patella number is 9 in , and 6–8 in (Kovařík, 2000: 176); (3) fulcra are present in but absent in . In addition, has clearly thinner chela than and .Measurements (in mm) of , and . Habitus of , male, holotype, dorsal view., male, holotype. 2 Carapace 3–4 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 5 Lateral eyes 6 Genital operculum and pectines 7 Femur dorsal aspect 8–10 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 11 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 12 Telson, lateral aspect 13 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules., male, holotype. Chela (left) dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects 18–21
, female, paratype. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.(Gervais, 1843)http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_hardwickiiScorpiops hardwickii : Kovařík, 2000b: 175–179, figs 14, 46, 56, 57.Scorpiops hardwickii hardwickii :Fet, 2000d: 492.1 male, 3 females and 3 juveniles, China, Xizang, Nyainqentangha Mts, Lhasa, 3800m, V. Major leg. FKCP.Lhasa, Xizang (China); (Himachal, Uttar, Jammu, Kashmir, Punjab) India; Nepal; Pakistan.The list of (Gervais, 1843) “complex”, provided by Kovařík & Ahmed (2009: 10), containing 12 species widely distributed in Asia. Di et al. (2011a) summarized the characters of “complex”: (1) color red brown to dark brown; (2) total length about 45–80 mm in adults; (3) fingers of pedipalps very strongly flexed (curved) in males, slightly flexed (undulated) in females; (4) ventral trichobothria on patella number 6–8; (5) pectinal teeth number 4–9; (6) length/width ratio of chela about 1.8–2.1; (7) fulcra absent; (8) patella with two small spinoid granules on the internal aspect.Qi, Zhu &Lourenço, 2005http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_langxianFigures 22
–42
, Table 1
Scorpiops langxian Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005: 10–18, figs 32–46.Holotype, male, China, Xizang, Lang district (29°02’N, 93°08’E), 7-8/2004, Ai-Min Shi and Yi- Bin Ba leg. (MHBU); Paratypes 1 female, 1 male same PageBreakPageBreakdata as holotype (MHBU); 1 female, China, Xizang, Nyingchi district (29°34’N, 94.30°E), Baishuwang town, 21/8/ 2003, Feng Zhang leg. (MNHN).Nang County, Nyingchi County (China).Kovařík & Ahmed (2009: 10) provided a list of (Gervais, 1843) “complex”, which contained 12 species, including , and its features accord with the summary of Di et al (2011a).Habitus of , male, holotype, dorsal view., male, holotype. 23 Carapace 24–25 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 26 Lateral eyes 27 Genital operculum and pectines 28 Femur dorsal aspect 29–31 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 32 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 33 Telson, lateral aspect 34 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules., male, holotype. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects 39–42
, female, paratype. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.Pocock, 1893http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_leptochirusScorpiops leptochirus Pocock, 1893: Fet & Sissom, 2000b: 493.Specific locality see Bastawade, 2006.South Xizang (China); Bangladesh; (Meghalaya, Assam) India.Di & Zhu, 2009http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_lhasaScorpiops lhasa Di & Zhu, 2009c: 40–47, figs 1–33, tab. 1.Holotype, female, China, Xizang, Lhasa banlieue, elevation about 3700m, 10/7/2008, Zhi-Yong Di leg (Ar.-MHU-XZLS0801); paratypes: 1 female and PageBreak1 female juvenile, 2 males and 1 male juvenile, same data as holotype (Ar.-MHU-XZLS0802–0806) (deposited in MHBU).Under the stones of barren mountain.Lhasa (China).Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_luridusFigures 43
–63
, Table 1
Figure 43.
Habitus of , male, holotype, dorsal view.
Figures 55–59.
, male, holotype. 55 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules 56–59 Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects 60–63
, female, paratype. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.
Scorpiops luridus Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005: 2–6, figs 1–15.Holotype, male, China, Xizang, Lang district (29°02’N, 93°08’E), 2/8/2002, Ming-Sheng Zhu leg. (deposited in MHBU). Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype (One is deposited in MHBU, the other in MNHN).Under the stones of barren mountain.Nang County (China).is the absolute offbeat member of : large body, pale yellow color, strong chelas and swollen telson. We checked other specimens (1 male and 1 female, from Shannan Prefecture, Xizang) and the type specimens, confirmed the distinctive color of this species not because of the immature age after molting.Habitus of , male, holotype, dorsal view., male, holotype. 44 Carapace 45–46 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 47 Lateral eyes 48 Genital operculum and pectines 49 Femur dorsal aspect 50–52 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 53 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 54 Telson, lateral aspect., male, holotype. 55 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules 56–59 Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects 60–63
, female, paratype. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.Kovařík, 2000http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_margerisonaeScorpiops margerisonae Kovařík, 2000b: 189, figs 66, 70, tabs 1–3; Di & Zhu, 2010: 1–8, figs 1–23, tabs 1–2.Holotype, male, China, Xizang, FKCP.1 male, 1 female (Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060137, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060138) and 7 juveniles., Langxian District, China, Xizang, 4/8/2006, leg. Ming-Sheng Zhu; 5 males (Ar.-MHBU-XZND060188, Ar.-MHBU-XZND060218, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060238, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060245, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060246), 4 females (Ar.-MHBU-XZND060189, Ar.-MHBU-XZND0 60219, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060220, Ar.-MHBU-XZLX06 0247), 1 female (imm.) (Ar.-MHBU-XZLX060248) and 5 juveniles, Naidong District, China, Xizang, 9/8/2006, leg. Ming-Sheng Zhu.Found under stones.Nang County, Nêdong County (Naidong district) (China).PageBreak was establishedby Kovařík (2000b) just using 1 male specimens. Its most important character provided by Kovařík (2000b) is the highest numer of pectinal teeth (12–13). Although the original description is poor, we can find another valuable information: has a pair strong chelas with rectangular manus (with big granules in surface). Di & Zhu (2010) redescribed and reported its female for the first time, and changed its pectinal teeth numer characters as a range 8–10 in females, 9–13 in males.Pocock, 1893http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_petersiiTable 2
Table 2.
Measurements (in mm) of , sp (Lhasa) and .* Data from Kovařík, 2000b.
Species<br/> Contents
Scorpiops petersii*
Scorpiops sp<br/> (Lhasa)
Scorpiops tibetanus
Scorpiops tibetanus*
Sex
Male<br/> LT (BMNH)
Female<br/> AT (NHMB)
Female<br/> (XZLS0801)
Female<br/> (XZSH0601)
Male HT<br/> (BMNH)
Female<br/> (FKCP)
Total length
69.3
67..0
80.1
45.2
60.4
53.2
Carapace:
-Length
8.8
8.3
10.2
5.7
7.5
7.5
- Anterior width
5.5
3.5
- Posterior width
8.0
8.7
10.8
6.1
7.5
7.7
Metasomal segment I:
- Length
3.5
3.2
4.3
2.7
3.6
2.7
- Width
3.5
3.6
4.4
2.7
3.9
3.1
- Depth
3.6
2.3
Metasomal segment II:
- Length
4.1
3.6
5.6
3.2
4.3
3.2
- Width
3.0
3.4
4.0
2.4
3.5
2.7
- Depth
3.6
2.1
Metasomal segment III:
- Length
4.4
4.1
6.1
3.4
4.7
3.6
- Width
2.8
3.3
3.7
2.3
3.4
2.7
- Depth
3.6
2.1
Metasomal segment IV
- Length
5.0
4.4
6.5
3.8
5.2
4.2
- Width
2.6
3.0
3.5
2.1
3.2
2.5
- Depth
3.5
2.0
Metasomal segment V
- Length
8.2
7.1
10.3
6.0
8.1
6.7
- Width
2.3
2.8
3.2
2.0
2.9
2.4
- Depth
3.4
1.8
Telson:
- Length
8.7
7.5
10.2
5.6
7.6
6.7
- Width
4.1
2.2
- Depth
4.0
2.1
Pedipalp femur:
- Length
7.2
6.6
7.9
4.7
5.3
5.4
- Width
3.3
3.0
3.6
2.1
2.4
2.4
- Depth
3.3
1.9
Pedipalp patella:
- Length
7.2
7.0
8.2
4.5
5.8
5.8
- Width
3.4
3.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
2.5
- Depth
4.0
2.6
Chela
- Length (chela)
15.1
13.8
16.5
9.3
11.9
12.5
- Length (manus)
9.1
5.6
- Width
5.8
5.5
7.5
4.3
5.9
5.1
- Depth
5.9
3.5
Movable finger-Length
7.5
8.1
9.9
5.5
6.8
7.0
Pectinal teeth (left/right)
5/5
7/7
5/5
7/7
8/7
8/7
Scorpiops petersii : Kovařík, 2000b: 192–194, figs 35, 42, tabs 1–3; Fet, 2000d: 494.Xizang (China); Bhutan; (Assam, Himachal, Uttar, Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim) India; Pakistan.Pocock, 1893 has a simple original description. Kishida (1939: 45) recorded this species distributed in Xizang and Xikang (western Sichuan and eastern Tibet of China). Kovařík (2000b) examined the lectotype and many specimens but thought it is necessary to re-evaluate the characters used in distinguishing this species from others in the genus scorpiops (Kovařík, 2000b: 193). We cannot distinguish with (Gervais, 1843) “complex” by the diagnostic characters provided by Kovařík (2000b: 193): total length is up to 75mm; male has finger of pedipalps strongly flexed; 17 external (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) and 7, or rarely 6 or 8 ventral trichobothria on the patella; pectinal teeth number 4–9. We checked sp (1 adult and 1 immature females and 1 immature male and 1 juvenile, Lhasa, 4/7/2008, Zhiyong DI leg, kept in MHBU), its adult female: body length 80.1mm (Figs 85–101; Table 2), very strong; ventral trichobothria on patella number 7 (with other: rarely 6 or 8); pectinal teeth number 4-9; a swollen telson. Except the unusual body length can let us conjecture the specimens from Lhasa maybe , all of other features shared by and . We noticed body length is an important character but it like the pectinal teeth number and patella ventral trichobothria number, all of them are some ranges and few exceptions are normal. We can’t confirm any of these characters in one species if checked just few specimens. Here, we add it to (Gervais, 1843) “complex” group. We checked an immature female (locality is Uttaranchal, India; identified as by Kovařík). And confirm the diagnosis of as follows: (1) male chela length to width ratio about 2.6, and about 2.5 in female (see Kovařík, 2000b: tab. 1); (2) male has finger of pedipalps strongly flexed; (3) 17 external (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) and 7, or rarely 6 or 8 ventral trichobothria on the patella; (4) pectinal teeth number 4–9; (5) total length above 65mm. The first character is the key difference between and (Gervais, 1843) “complex” group.
Figure 85.
Habitus of sp. (hardwickii “complex”) from Lhasa, female, dorsal view.
Figures 98–101.
sp. (hardwickii “complex”) from Lhasa, female. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.
Measurements (in mm) of , sp (Lhasa) and .* Data from Kovařík, 2000b. Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005http://species-id.net/wiki/Scorpiops_pocockiFigures 64
–84
, Table 3
Holotype, male. L. A. Wadell leg. BMNH, No. 1911. 8. 10. 1.
Material examined.
1 female and 5 juveniles, China, Xizang, Shigatse City, around the Zhabulun Temple, 13/8/2006, Xiao-Feng Yang leg, (MHBU, Ar.-MHBU - XZSH0601–6).
Diagnosis.
Adult body length about 45–65 mm. Mainly color uniformly reddishblack. Male has finger of pedipalps more flexed and manus shorter and broader than the female. 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) and 7–10 ventral trichobothria (usually 9) on the patella. Pectinal teeth number 5–11.Comments. In Kovařík & Ahmed’s list of PageBreak (Gervais, 1843) “complex” (2009: 10): containing Hirst, 1911. Hirst (1911) did not provide a detailed description except the brief comparison with Hirst, 1911 (synPageBreakonymized with PageBreak by Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 418) and Pocock, 1899 (synonymized with by Kovařík, 2000b: 175). Kovařík (2000b) examined the holotype (male) of and recorded some important information: (1) total length is 50–65mm; (2) male has finger of pedipalps more flexed and manus shorter and broader than the female; (3) 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) and 7–10 ventral trichobothria (usually 9) on the patella; (4) PageBreakPageBreakpectinal teeth number 5–11. Di et al. (2011a) excluded from Kovařík’s “complex” as followed reasons: (1) ventral trichobothria on patella in S. tibetanus number 7–10 (usually 9, in one young out of 37 specimens, 7 on one side; Kovařík, 2000b: 196), 6–8 in “complex”; (2) pectinal teeth number is 5–11 (usually 7–11) in , 4–9 in (usually 5–7).
Description.
(based on female specimens: Ar.-MHBU - XZSH0601).Coloration: red brown mainly.Carapace dark red brown. Median and lateral ocular tubercles black. Tergites mostly red brown to dark brown. Metasoma segments dark red brown to dark brown. Vesicle red brown with a reddish aculeus. Chelicerae yellow brown with fingers dark red brown gradually lighter toward the tip. Pedipalp femur and patella dark red brown, chela manus and fingers red brown. Legs red brown with yellow brown tarsi. Tarsal ungues yellowish brown. Sternum, genital operculum and sternites pale brown. Pectines yellowish.Morphology. Prosoma: Carapace with sparse, coarse granules (Fig. 103); lateral furrow broad; anterior median furrow broad and moderately deep; posterior median furrow deep; margin behind lateral eyes with granules, other margins smooth. Median eyes situated anteriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest (Figs 103, 106). Median ocular tubercle with granules and a pair of big median eyes and a median furrow. Lateral ocular tubercle with some granules.
Figures 103–113.
from Shigatse, female. 103 Carapace 104–105 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 106 Lateral eyes 107 Genital operculum and pectines 108 Femur dorsal aspect 109–111 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 112 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 113 Telson, lateral aspect.
PageBreakMesosoma: Tergites sparsely covered with coarse and big granules, posterior part of tergites with bigger granules; tergites III–VI with a median carina; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae (shaped by bigger granules); tergites margin smooth. Pectinal teeth count 7/7, fulcra present (Fig. 107). Sternum quinquangular. Genital operculum subtriangular. Sternites smooth and shiny; segment VII with 4 smooth ventral carinae and few granules.PageBreakPageBreakMetasoma: Tegument coarse. Segments II to V longer than wide; segments I to V with respectively 10-8-8-8-7 carinae, segments II–IV with a pair of vestigial lateral carinae; all dorsal carinae crenulate, slightly stronger distally; segment V carinae with smaller granules dorsally and larger serration ventrally. Vesicle with few setae and granules. Pedipalps: Tegument coarse. Femur with external, dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal and internal carinae granulated; tegument with scattered granules dorsally (Fig. 108) and smooth ventrally. Patella with dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal and external carinae with big granules; two large spinoid granules present on the internal aspect; tegument with some granules. Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 9 ventral trichobothria (Figs 109–111). Chela with length/width ratio: 2.2–2.5 in adult females and 2.0 in male (holotype, Kovařík, 2000b: 161. tab. 1). Chela with dorsal marginal, external secondary, and ventrointernal carinae granulated (Figs 115–118); ventrointernal carina with some big granules; tegument with granules; female fingers scalloped with a pronounced lobe in the movable finger and a corresponding notch in fixed finger, lobe and corresponding notch reduced to absent in females. The male has fingers of pedipalps more flexed and manus shorter and broader than the female (Kovařík, 2000b: 196).Chelicerae: Tegument smooth. Tibia smooth. Movable finger with 4 teeth on dorsal edge, 5teeth on ventral edge. Fixed finger with 3 teeth on dorsal edge (Figs 104, 105).PageBreakPageBreakLegs: Tegument coarsely granular dorsally, except basitarsi and telotarsi, smooth ventrally. Trochanters with few setae. Femur dorsal surface with few small granules, external surface with a granular carina, internal surface with two granular carinae. Patella internally with a dentate carina. Tibia with few setae and small granules, without spurs. Basitarsi with some spinules, few setae and 2 lateral pedal spurs. Tarsi ventrally with one row of short spinules and few setae. Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like.Habitus of from Shigatse, female, dorsal view.from Shigatse, female. 103 Carapace 104–105 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 106 Lateral eyes 107 Genital operculum and pectines 108 Femur dorsal aspect 109–111 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 112 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 113 Telson, lateral aspect.from Shigatse, female. 114 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules 115–118 Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.
Variation.
Both sexes with coloration and morphology very similar to holotype. Sexual dimorphism: adult males, with more pronounced lobes on the movable fingers of the chela, and a more pronounced notch in the fixed finger and bigger pectinal teeth than females. Measurements in Table 2.
Ecology.
This species was collected from barren mountain. They were found under stones.Tsangpo Valley and Xigazê (standard notation of Shigatse) (China).
Family Hemiscorpiidae Pocock, 1893
Ischnuridae: Fet, 2000b: 383.Liochelidae: Fet & Bechly, 2001: 1–2.Liochelidae: Soleglad & Fet, 2003: 112–113.Hemiscorpiidae: Soleglad, Fet & Kovařík, 2005: 1.
: Fet, 2000c: 431; Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005: 9.Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005http://species-id.net/wiki/Heterometrus_tibetanusHeterometrus tibetanus Lourenço, Qi & Zhu, 2005: 10–14, figs 18–34,tab. 1.Holotype, male; Paratypes, 2 males, China, Xizang, south region of Pulan, low valley of the river Kongque He, near to the border with Nepal, 7/1931. Holotype and 1 paratype deposited in the MNHN. One paratype deposited in MHBU.Burang County (China).
Key to species of family Euscorpiidae from Xizang (China)
Habitus of from Longling County, female, dorsal view.
Figures 132–135.
from Longling County, female. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.
Scorpiops jendeki Kovařík, 2000: 180, 182, figs 59–60, tabs 1–3.Scorpiops hardwickii jendeki : Kovařík, 1994: 62, figs 7–13, tab. 1; Fet, 2000b: 492.Scorpiops jendeki : Di et al., 2011b: 29–30, figs 118–122.China, Yunnan, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve 100 km west of Baoshan.Holotype, female, China, Yunnan, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve 100 km west of Baoshan; 1 female paratype (NMPC), 4 females paratypes (FKCP),14–21/6/1993, E. Jendek and O. Sausa leg.3 females and 1 immature male (MHBU, Ar.-MHBU- YNLL0801–4, 0804 is male), China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Longling County, 7/2008, Ji-Shan Xu and Zhen-Hua Gao leg.Total length is 30–42.1 mm. Patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) (Fig. 127) and 6–7 ventral trichobothria (6 specimens, Fig. 128). Pectinal teeth count 4–5. Both males and females have fingers of pedipalps straight, without any flexure. The carapace bears very sparse large granules.
Figures 120–131.
from Longling County, female. 120 Carapace 121–122 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 123 Lateral eyes 124 Genital operculum and pectines 125 Femur dorsal aspect 126–128 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 129 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 130 Telson, lateral aspect 131 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules.
appears to be closely related to (Gervais, 1843), both species have the same number of external and ventral trichobothria on the patella, and a similar length/width ratio of chela; however, in the latter the fingers of pedipalps are strongly flexed.(based on female specimen: Ar.-MHBU -YNMH0801).Coloration: mainly yellow. Carapace red brown with yellow stripe. Median and lateral ocular tubercles black. Tergites mostly dark red brown to dark brown with yellow stripe. Metasoma segments dark red brown to dark brown. Vesicle red yellow brown with brown stripe and a red brown aculeus. Chelicerae yellow brown with fingers dark red brown gradually lighter toward the tip. Pedipalp femur and patella dark red brown, chela manus and fingers red brown. Legs red brown with yellow stripe, tarsi yellow brown. Tarsal ungues yellowish brown. Sternum, genital operculum and sternites pale brown. Pectines yellowish.PageBreakMorphology. Prosoma: Carapace with sparse, big granules (Fig. 120); anterior edge with big granules, lateral and posterior edges smooth; lateral furrow broad, anterior median furrow broad and moderately deep, posterior median furrow deep; margin behind lateral eyes with granules, other margins smooth. Median eyes situated antePageBreakPageBreakriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest (Fig. 123). Median ocular tubercle smooth with a pair of median eyes which are much larger than lateral eyes, and a median furrow. Lateral ocular tubercle with some granules around eyes.Mesosoma: Tergites sparsely covered with coarse granules, posterior part of tergites with bigger granules; tergites III‒VI with a median swell and two pairs of lateral carinae (shaped by bigger granules). Pectinal teeth count 4/4, fulcra absent (Fig. 124). Genital operculum subtriangular. Sternites smooth and shiny; segment VII with 4 smooth ventral carinae.Metasoma: Tegument coarse. Segments II to V longer than wide; segments I to V with respectively 10-8-8-8-7 carinae; ventromedian, ventrolateral carinae stronger distally, dorsal carinae with small granules, lateral carinae weaker distally; segment V carinae with smaller granules dorsally and larger serration ventrally (Fig. 129). Vesicle with few setae and granules. Aculeus short and slightly curved (Fig. 130). The boundary between vesicle and aculeus not sharp.PageBreakPedipalps: Tegument coarse. Femur with external, dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal and internal carinae with round granules; tegument with few small granules dorsally (Fig. 125) and smooth ventrally. Patella (Figs 126–128) with dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal and external carinae with round granules; two large spinoid granules present on the internal aspect; tegument with few granules dorsally and ventrally nearly smooth. Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 6 ventral trichobothria. Chela with length/width ratio: 2.2 in adult males and 2.2–2.4 in adult females (2.2 on female holotype and a male specimen in Kovařík 2000b: 160, tab. 1) (Figs 131–135). Chela with dorsal marginal, external secondary, and ventrointernal carinae granulated. For position and distribution of trichobothria on the tibia of pedipalp see (Figs 132–135).Chelicerae: Tegument smooth. Movable finger with 4 teeth on dorsal edge, 4 teeth on ventral edge. Fixed finger with 3 teeth on dorsal edge (Figs 121, 122).Legs: Tegument coarsely granular dorsally, except basitarsi and telotarsi, smooth ventrally. Femur dorsal surface with few small granules, external surface with a granular carina, internal surface with two granular carinae. Patella internally with a dentate carina. Tibia with few setae and small granules, without spurs. Basitarsi with some spinules, few setae and 2 lateral pedal spurs. Tarsi ventrally with one row of short spinules and few setae. Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like.Habitus of from Longling County, female, dorsal view.from Longling County, female. 120 Carapace 121–122 Chelicera, dorsal and ventral aspects 123 Lateral eyes 124 Genital operculum and pectines 125 Femur dorsal aspect 126–128 Patella dorsal, external and ventral aspects 129 Metasomal segment V, ventral aspect 130 Telson, lateral aspect 131 Dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules.from Longling County, female. Chela dorsal, external, ventral and internal aspects.Female and male materials: coloration and morphology are very similar to holotype. Sexual dimorphism is not distinct. Total length is 30–42.1mm. 6–7 ventral trichobothria on the patella of pedipalps. Pectinal teeth count 4–5. Measurements in Table 3.This species is uncommon, collected from moist mixed forest and in the bark or leavers and moss.Yunnan (China).
Discussion
Twenty-six scorpion species of 7 genera and 5 families (Buthidae: (1 species), (1); Chaerilidae: (8); Euscorpiidae: (4), (10); Hemiscorpiidae: (1); Scorpionidae: (1)) were recorded in Xizang, all of them distribute in south and the north shores of Yarlung Zangbo Jiang: south of 31°N, bound on the north by the Burang - Lhasa- Maizhokunggar - Gongbo’gvamda - Bomê line (Figs 136–139). In them, 20 of 26 recorded species are endemic (76.9%).
Figure 136–139.
136 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of the species. Map abbreviations: a (ellipse and rhombus)
b (round)
c (rhombus)
d (triangle and round) (macula) e (star)
f (pentagram)
g (triangle)
h (ellipse, triangle and macula) . The red line showing the scorpions appears to be restricted to latitude north of 31°N, bordered by Burang - Lhasa- Maizhokunggar - Gongbo’gvamda – Bomê line 137 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of Euscorpiops species. Map abbreviations: a (triangle)
b (pentagram)
c (rhombus)
d (round)
138 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of Scorpiops species, Heterometrus tibetanus and Hottentotta songi. Map abbreviations: a (round) , and
b (black triangle)
c (pentagram)
d (ellipse)
e (square)
f (yellow rhombus)
g (purple rhombus)
h (green triangle),
139 Map of China, showing the localities of Scorpios species. Map abbreviations: a (pentagon), sp. from Hubei (Huzhaoshan Mountains) b (rhombus), from Yunnan (Gaoligongshan Mountains) c (green part), the area rich in (Xizang).
In China, the closest area of scorpion fauna with Xizang is Yunan. Except one PageBreak sp. was found in Hubei, all of euscorpiids were found in Xizang and Yunnan. Species of the genera and are dominant, with confined distribution and not overlapped in Xizang and Yunnan. All of the species of family Chaerilidae found in China are living in Xizang. Qinghai, Sichuan and Xinjiang, are also with border on of Xizang. In Qinghai, just (Karsch, 1879) reported in its northeast (Zhu et al., 2004; Zhang & Zhu, 2009). There is no scorpion species reported in Sichuan (Zhu et al., 2004). In Xinjiang, species genera of the family Buthidae recorded ( (7 species and subspecies), (1)) (Zhu et al., 2004; Lourenço et al., 2010; Sun and Sun, 2011). (Karsch, 1879) and (Birula 1911) found in South of Gansu which also belong to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Sun and Sun, 2011). We conjecture the vast area of gap of scorpion distribution in the north of Xizang and the south of Qinghai is caused by the cold and clammy climate. So the scorpion fauna of Xizang isn’t related to Qinghai and Xinjiang.In the world, the 7 genera found in Xizang were recorded distributing to the south of Xizang. Modern species of genera PageBreak, and are limited to tropical areas of South Asia and Southeast Asia, although they reached considerable altitudes in Kashmir, Nepal, and Tibet (Kovařík, 2000a, 2000b). The distribution of the species of genera , , and the close related genera of also suggest the scorpion fauna of Xizang is close to South Asia and Southeast Asia.136 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of the species. Map abbreviations: a (ellipse and rhombus)
b (round)
c (rhombus)
d (triangle and round) (macula) e (star)
f (pentagram)
g (triangle)
h (ellipse, triangle and macula) . The red line showing the scorpions appears to be restricted to latitude north of 31°N, bordered by Burang - Lhasa- Maizhokunggar - Gongbo’gvamda – Bomê line 137 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of Euscorpiops species. Map abbreviations: a (triangle)
b (pentagram)
c (rhombus)
d (round)
138 Map of Xizang (China), showing the localities of Scorpiops species, Heterometrus tibetanus and Hottentotta songi. Map abbreviations: a (round) , and
b (black triangle)
c (pentagram)
d (ellipse)
e (square)
f (yellow rhombus)
g (purple rhombus)
h (green triangle),
139 Map of China, showing the localities of Scorpios species. Map abbreviations: a (pentagon), sp. from Hubei (Huzhaoshan Mountains) b (rhombus), from Yunnan (Gaoligongshan Mountains) c (green part), the area rich in (Xizang).
1
Orthobothriotaxic pattern type A; ventral aspect of leg tarsus with multiple irregular rows of setae, no trace of spinules; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with two basal denticles; hemispermatophore is flagelliform (Buthidae)
2
–
Orthobothriotaxic pattern type B or C; ventral aspect of leg tarsus with or without irregular setal rows, spinules present medially; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with a single basal denticle; hemispermatophore is either fusiform or lamelliform
3
2
Telson without subaculear tooth
Hottentotta Birula, 1908
–
Telson with subaculear tooth pointed or rounded (Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828), Trichobothrium db on chela of pedipalp situated between trichobothria et and est. Males of most species have longer segments of metasoma and often also wider manus than females; segments of pedipals are of equal length in both sexes
Subgenus Reddyanus Vachon, 1972
3
Orthobothriotaxic pattern type B; sternum is type 1; hemispermatophore is fusiform Chaerilus Simon, 1877
–
Orthobothriotaxic pattern type C; sternum is type 2; hemispermatophore is lamelliform 4
4
Legs with two pedal spurs (though one or more pedal spurs are lost in many troglobitic species); ventral aspect of leg tarsus equipped with moderately developed setal pairs and/or median row of spinules (configuration 5, see Soleglad & Fet, 2003); paraxial organ without reflection of internobasal sperm duct (Chactoidea, see Soleglad & Fet, 2003, p. 92–93: Key to the superfamilies of parvorder Iurida); chelal fingers equipped with inner accessory denticles (IAD), outer denticles (OD) situated outside of median denticle (MD) row; major variable neobothriotaxy present, types Eu1 and Eu2; chelal palm is flat in appearance, carinae D3 and V2 essentially obsolete, angle formed by carinae D3: D4: D5 greater than 90° (Euscorpiidae, see Soleglad & Fet, 2003, p. 94: Key to the families of superfamily Chactoidea)
5
–
Legs with one pedal spur (retrolateral spur absent, though this character is reversed in some bothriurid genera); ventral aspect of leg tarsus equipped with pairs of large limbated socketed setae, median spinule row optional (configuration 4, see Soleglad & Fet, 2003); paraxial organ with reflection of internobasal sperm duct (Scorpionoidea, see Soleglad & Fet, 2003, p. 92–93: Key to the superfamilies of parvorder Iurida)
6
5
Tricho-bothrium Eb3 on external surface of chela is located between trichobothria Dt and Est. Telson vesicle/aculeus juncture with annular ring
Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980
–
Trichobothrium Eb3 on the external aspect of pedipalp chela located basally from trichobothrium Dt. Annular ring at vesicle/aculeus juncture absent
Scorpiops Peters, 1861
6
Median ocular tubercle of carapace shallow, not raised above carapace surface; 2 pairs of lateral eyes; telotarsus with lateral lobes truncated; Est located in middle of hand (Hemiscorpiidae, see Stockmann & Ythier, 2010: 201)
7
–
Median ocular tubercle raised up; 3 pairs of lateral eyes; telotarsus with lateral margins ending in rounded lobes; Est located in distal of hand (Scorpionidae, see Stockmann & Ythier, 2010, p. 201); pedipalp femur with three trichobothria; patella of pedipalp with 19 trichobothria, three on ventral and 13 on external surface; chela of pedipalp with 26 trichobothria; retrolateral pedal spurs absent; lateroapical margins of tarsi produced into rounded lobes; metasomal segments I to IV with paired ventral submedian carinae; stridulatory organ located on opposing surfaces of pedipalp coxa and first leg; total length 60 to 180 mm
Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828
7
Chela trichobothrium dt present
Liocheles Sundevall, 1833
–
Chela trichobothrium dt absent
Tibetiomachus Lourenço & Qi, 2006
1
Movable finger of pedipalp with 7–8 rows of granules
2
–
Movable finger of pedipalp with 10–14 rows of granules
6
2
Chela length to width ratio in adults 1.6–1.8
Chaerilus conchiformus Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008
2
Chela length to width ratio in adults higher than 2.0
3
–
Ventral side of seventh mesosomal segment with 2 pair of granular carina, anterior margin straight with a median notch
4
–
Ventral side of seventh mesosomal segment with many granules but without carina, anterior margin straight without median notch
5
4
Pedipalp femur shorter than carapace; 8–9 minute teeth on inner ventral margins of movable and immovable fingers respectively
Chaerilus dibangvalleycus Bastawade, 2006
–
Pedipalp femur longer than carapace, 7–8 minute teeth on inner ventral margins of movable and immovable fingers respectively
Chaerilus mainlingensis Di & Zhu, 2009
5
Manus of pedipalp in male narrow and long. Chela length/width ratio in male higher than 3
Chaerilus tryznai Kovařík, 2000
–
Manus of pedipalp in male robust. Chela length/width ratio in adults lower than 2.6
Chaerilus wrzecionkoi Kovařík 2012
6
Movable finger of pedipalp with 13–14 rows of granules; telson of male rather long and about 4.7 times longer than wide, with a obvious sexual dimorphism
Chaerilus pictus (Pocock, 1890)
–
Movable finger of pedipalp with 11–12 rows of granules, telson of male and female without sexual dimorphism, manus lacks 1 dorsal carina
7
7
Carapace, tergites nearly smooth in adults, chelicerae dorsal aspect without granules (Zhu, Han & Lourenço, 2008)
Chaerilus tessellatus Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005
–
Carapace, tergites with many big granules in adults, chelicerae dorsal aspect with granules
Chaerilus tricostatus Pocock, 1899
1
Trichobothrium Eb3 on external surface of chela is located between trichobothria Dt and Est. Telson vesicle/aculeus juncture with annular ring (Euscorpiops)
2
–
Trichobothrium Eb3 on the external aspect of pedipalp chela located basally from trichobothrium Dt. Annular ring at vesicle/aculeus juncture absent (Scorpiops)
5
2
Number of trichobothria on external surface of pedipalp patella: 19 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 5 est, 5 et)
3
–
Number of trichobothria on external surface of pedipalp patella: 17–18 (5 eb, 1–2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 5 et)
4
3
Number of trichobothria on ventral surface of patella: 7; number of pectinal teeth: 4–5; movable finger longer than carapace and as long as pedipalp femur
Euscorpiops kamengensis Bastawade, 2006
–
Number of trichobothria on ventral surface of patella: 9; pectinal teeth number 8; movable finger as long as carapace and shorter than pedipalp femur
Euscorpiops novaki Kovarík, 2005
4
Female pedipalp fingers nearly straight
Euscorpiops asthenurus (Pocock, 1900)
–
Female pedipalp fingers obviously scalloped
Euscorpiops karschi Qi, Zhu &Lourenço, 2005
5
Fingers of pedipalps are straight or only slightly flexed in both sexes
6
–
Fingers of pedipalps are flexed (curved) in both sexes
7
6
Ventral trichobothria on patella number 6 (7 rarely), total length 30–42.1mm, pectinal teeth number 4–5, chela length to width ratio about 2.2
Scorpiops jendeki Kovařík, 2000 (Yunnan)
–
Ventral trichobothria on patella number 7, total length 40–58 mm, pectinal teeth number 7–9, chela length to width ratio about 3.3–3.5
Scorpiops leptochirus Pocock, 1893
7
Male chela length to width ratio about 1.8–2.2; the manus with same or very similar length and width, fingers of pedipalps are very strongly flexed in the male; ventral trichobothria on patella number 6–8
Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) “complex”
–
Male chela length to width ratio above 2.2; or the manus with length longer than width, or ventral trichobothria on patella number more than 8
8
8
Total length more than 65 mm
9
–
Total length less than 65 mm
10
9
Mostly yellowish to yellow in adults, ventral patella of pedipalps with 9 trichobothria
Scorpiops luridus Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005
–
Mostly red brown in adults, ventral patella of pedipalps with 7 (rarely 6 or 8) trichobothria
Scorpiops petersii Pocock, 1893
10
Dorsally flat manus of pedipalps and chela of both sexes with length/width ratio: 2.1–2.2 (mean about 2.1 in males and 2.2 in females), total length 40.0–50.0 mm in adults
Scorpiops margerisonae Kovařík, 2000
–
Dorsally round manus of pedipalps or at least the chela of one sex with length to width ratio higher than 2.2 or total length higher than 50 mm
11
11
Total length more than 50 mm, chela strong, with length/width ratio: 2.0 in male and 2.5 in female
Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911
–
Total length less than 40 mm
12
12
Chela of pedipalp length to width ratio about 2.6–3.0, dorsal surface of chela of pedipalp coarse
Scorpiops lhasa Di & Zhu, 2009
–
Chela of pedipalp length to width ratio lower than 2.5, dorsal surface of chela of pedipalp smooth with luster
Figure 1.
Figures 14–17.
Figure 22.
Figures 35–38.
Figure 43.
Figures 55–59.
Figure 85.
Figures 98–101.
Figure 64.
Figures 77–84.
Figure 102.
Figures 114–118.
Figures 103–113.
Figure 119.
Figures 132–135.
Figures 120–131.
Figure 136–139.