Rational design of sulfonated A3 adenosine receptor-selective nucleosides as pharmacological tools to study chronic neuropathic pain.

(N)-Methanocarba(bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane)adenosine derivatives were probed for sites of charged sulfonate substitution, which precludes diffusion across biological membranes, e.g., blood-brain barrier. Molecular modeling predicted that sulfonate groups on C2-phenylethynyl substituents would provide high affinity at both mouse (m) and human (h) A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), while a N(6)-p-sulfophenylethyl substituent would determine higher hA3AR vs mA3AR affinity. These modeling predictions, based on steric fitting of the binding cavity and crucial interactions with key residues, were confirmed by binding/efficacy studies of synthesized sulfonates. N(6)-3-Chlorobenzyl-2-(3-sulfophenylethynyl) derivative 7 (MRS5841) bound selectively to h/m A3ARs (Ki(hA3AR) = 1.9 nM) as agonist, while corresponding p-sulfo isomer 6 (MRS5701) displayed mixed A1/A3AR agonism. Both nucleosides administered ip reduced mouse chronic neuropathic pain that was ascribed to either A3AR or A1/A3AR using A3AR genetic deletion. Thus, rational design methods based on A3AR homology models successfully predicted sites for sulfonate incorporation, for delineating adenosine's CNS vs peripheral actions.