New and existing combinations in Palaeotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae) and lectotypification of the type species Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) T.Sen & U.Sen.

The genus Phlegmariurus Holubis recognised more widely than originally proposed and is circumscribed to include both Neotropic and Palaeotropic epiphytic and terrestrial species of Huperzioid Lycopodiaceae that have isotomous shoots, lack bulbils in their sporophyllous shoots and have spores with convex lateral margins and foveolate-fossulate sculpture restricted to their distal surfaces. New combinations with Phlegmariurus are proposed for 81 species and existing combinations identified for 33 species originating from the Palaeotropics. This installs a generic circumscription that is consistent between the Neotropics and Palaeotropics. A lectotype is designated for the type species of the genus, Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) T.Sen & U.Sen.

Introduction

The Lycopodiaceae is a globally distributed family of homosporous Lycopodiophytes in which the species exhibit shoot-forms associated with their habitat. Early classifications of this family usually included all of the species, irrespective of their shoot-form, together in the large and polymorphic genus L. One exception was the small and morphologically divergent Australian and New Zealand pygmy-clubmoss Kunzewhich was historically placed in a genus of its own. Multiple genera and subfamilies corresponding with the different shoot-forms, gametophyte and spore types were recognised following multi-character systematic studies on the family (Bruce 1976, Holub 1964, Øllgaard 1975, 1979, 1987, 1989a, Wagner and Beitel 1992, Wilce 1972). Until recently, the most widely adopted of these classifications was the four-genus classification of Øllgaard (1987) which recognised L., Lycopodiella Holub, Huperzia Bernh.and Kunze and was supported by a comprehensive nomenclatural index (Øllgaard 1989a).

Recent molecular phylogenetic investigations of the family and new morphological observations present a hypothesis that the relationship between and is equivocal and that the genus Øllgaard (1987) is paraphyletic or at best weakly supported(Christenhuszet al. 2011, Jiet al. 2008, Whittier 2006, Whittier and Braggins 1992, 2000, Whittier and Storchova 2007, Wikström and Kenrick 1997, Wikström and Kenrick 2000, 2001, Wikström et al. 1999, Yatsentyuk et al. 2001). A monophyletic Bernh. is obtained if is included within it sensu Christenhusz et al. (2011). This classification produces a sens. lat. that is morphologically heterogeneous and is not supported by synapomorphies that can be readily identified in the field. It also does not reflect the ancient divergence times between the Huperzioid clades of Lycopodiaceae (Wikström and Kenrick 2001).

An alternative classification is to circumscribe Bernh. narrowly sensu Wagner and Beitel (1992) to include only the wholly terrestrial species with erect shoots bearing gemmae in sporophyll axils and spores that are triangular in polar view with concave lateral margins, truncate corners and foveolate-fossulate sculpture on both proximal and distal surfaces and to recognise a sister genus, Holub, that is broadened to include all Palaeotropical and Neotropical species with erect or pendulous sporophyllous shoots that lack gemmae and that have spores with convex lateral margins and foveolate-fossulate sculpture restricted to their distal surface. This circumscription of includes a broad spectrum of both epiphytic and non-epiphytic species primarily from the tropical and subtropical regions globally. The necessary generic combinations with Holub were recently proposed for the Neotropical species (Øllgaard 2012a, b) but many necessary combinations do not exist among the Palaeotropical species. We propose these transfers so that Holub may be considered monophyletic.

Species exhibiting the characteristic features of were identified from the examination of 121 type specimens (including images) for species previously comPageBreakbined with L., Holub and Herter and from characters described in these species protologues. Species level relationships within Palaeotropical are poorly understood and their circumscriptions require a thorough molecular and morphological review. It is apparent that there are more species names than there are species, and following a review of type materials we propose a number of new synonyms for species we have studied closely. Molecular evidence suggests that form homoplasy is common, especially among tropical rainforest epiphytes (Wikström et al. 1999). This suggests that morphologically similar species may not always be closely related. We have taken a more conservative approach to synonymisation for the (L.) T.Sen & U.Senspecies complex as we consider this to be a complex that is rich in species rather than being a remarkably heterogeneous species.

Lecotypification of (L.) T.Sen & U.Sen

Epiphytic Lycopodiaceaewere first discovered byEuropean botanists in the East Indies in the late 1600s. Several species were described and illustrated in:

Breyne (1678) Exoticarum Plantarum Centuria Prima (tab. 92 n.v.)

Rheede et al.(1703) Hortus Indicus Malabaricus XII (p. 27, tab. 14!)

Rumph (1741) Herbarium Amboinense (VI p. 91, tab. 41, fig. 1!)

Dillen (1741) Historia Muscorum (p. 450 tab. 61 fig 5, A, B & C.!)

Dillen (1741) Historia Muscorum (p. 450 tab. 61 fig 5, D & E.!)

Linné (1743) Flora Zeylanica number 386 (P. Hermann herb. vol. 4. p. 5!)

Linné described in Species Plantarum in 1753 and cited Dillen (1741 p. 450 tab. 61 fig 5), Linné (1743 p. 183 no. 386 & P. Hermann specimen vol. 4 p. 5), Breyne (1678 tab. 92), and Rheede et al.(1703 p. 27, tab. 14) in his protologue. Based on the limited material available, Linné obviously regarded all of these illustrations, and the P. Hermann specimen, as belonging to the same species. His brief description could be applied to almost any heterophyllous epiphytic species in the genus . Subsequently, the figures and P. Hermann specimen cited by Linné have been recognised as representing multiple species. In accordance with ICBN (2006) Div. 2, Chapt. 2, Sect. 2 Art. 9.9 a lectotype may be selected to restrict the type of the taxon L.to one species (McNeill et al. 2006).

Øllgaard (1989) indicated that Dillen tab. 61 fig 5 A, B & C was eligible for selection as lectotype but did not designate it. The illustrations of Dillen tab. 61 fig 5 ABCDE are based on two separate illustrations reproduced from earlier publications. Dillen tab. 61 fig. 5. A, B & C is reproduced from Rheede et al. (1703 XII p. 27, tab. 14) but Dillen tab. 61 fig. 5. D & E is reproduced from Breyne (1678 tab. 92). In 1810, Willdenow described (Willd.) Holub for Dillen tab. 61 fig 5 D & E (i.e. the Breyne illustration) but retained the referenceto Dillen tab. 61 fig 5 A, B & C (i.e. the Rheede et al. illustration) for L. even though the epithet PageBreakphlegmaria was introduced by Breyne (1678). In 1832, Hook. & Arn. was describedfrom new material (Pacific origin) which is in our opinion conspecific with the P. Hermann specimen (Indo-Asian origin). In the interest of conserving nomenclatural stability we believe that Dillen fig. 5, A, B & C. (1741) is the most suitable lectotype because it exhibits characters present in the diagnosis (in accordance with ICBN 2006 Div. 2, Chap. 2, Sect. 2, Art. 9.12.) and most closely accords with as it is regarded today (in accordance with ICBN 2006 Div. 2, Chapt. 2, Sect. 2 Art. 9 Recommendation 9.A.5.y) (McNeill et al. 2006).

Taxonomy

(Pic.Serm.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Pic.Serm., Webbia27:394. 1972. Type: Burundi. J.Lewalle 3468 (holo: FI! [FI3002]). IPNI ID: 77125024-1

(Hook. & Grev.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Hook. & Grev., Icon. Filic.2:233. 1831. Synonym: (Hook. & Grev.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 248. 1874. Type: India. N.Wallich 129 (holo: K). IPNI ID: 77125026-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: Beibl. 98:51. 1909. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: New Caledonia M.Balansa 688 (syn: P! [P523007, P523008, P523009]); New Caledonia. Pompéry s.n. (syn: P! [P523010]). IPNI ID: 77125028-1

(Pic.Serm.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Pic.Serm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 55(1-2): 193. 1985. Type: Rwanda. J.P.Bamps 2964 (holo: LG; iso: P! [P462093], FI! [FI3007]). IPNI ID: 77125029-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3:17. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985.Type: Philippines. H.M.Curran 8003 (syn: P! [P5239029]); Philippines. E.B.Copeland 1450 (syn: P! [P523926]); Philippines. A.D.Elmer 9498 (syn: P! [P523019]); Philippines. F.W.Foxworthy 2449 (syn: P! [P523018]). IPNI ID: 77125031-1

(Rosenst.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Rosenst., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12:181 1913. Synonym: (Rosenst.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Papua New Guinea. C.Keysser B32. Heterotypic synonyms: Herter ex Nessel, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6:156. 1940; (Herter ex Nessel) Holub Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: New Guinea. C.Keysser s.n. (holo: B [B112944]). IPNI ID: 77125033-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker. var. brachystachys Baker, Handb. Fern-Allies 18. 1887. Synonym: (Baker) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23: 162. 1968. Type: Cameroon. G.Mann 2041(holo: K!). IPNI ID: 77125034-1

(Copel.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Copel., J. Arnold Arbor. 10:174 1929. Synonym: (Copel.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Papua New Guinea. L.J.Brass 1521 (holo: UC! [UC377989], iso: BRI! [AQ521250]). IPNI ID: 77125036-1

(Spring) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunn. 4:122.1982. Basionym: Spring, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg. 24: 27. 1849. Type: Bhutan. W.Griffith 162 (holo: K).

(Desv. ex Poir.) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunn.4:120. 1982.Basionym: Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. suppl. 3:555 1813. Synonyms: (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17(2) 1874. Type: Sri Lanka. Jussieu 639 (holo: P!, iso: B!). Heterotypic synonyms: Hook. & Grev., Icon Filic. 2:t 181 (1831). Type: Singapore, N.Wallich 117 (holo: P!). Bailey, Queensl. Dept. Agric. Brisbane Bot. Bull. 14:16. 1896; (F.M.Bailey) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 70. 1985. Type: Australia ex New Guinea. M.Sutter ex Capt. Michael s.n. (holo: BRI! [AQ258306], iso: K). C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1:83. 1825; (C.Presl) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 247. 1874; (C.Presl.) Satou, Hikobia 12(3):268. 1997. Type: Philippines. Haenke s.n. (iso: K). Roxb.; Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4. 472 (1844). Type: C. Smith s.n. from Amboina (lecto: BR fide Morton (1974) Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 283-396.). C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 82. 1830; (C.Presl) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 61. 1944. Type: Philippines. Haenke s.n. (holo: PRC). Copel., J. Arnold. Arbor. 12:49. 1931; (Copel.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20:77. 1985. Type: Vanikoro [Vanuatu]. S.F.Kajewski 521 (holo: UC! [UC422661], iso: GH, K, MICH, MO! [MO22133], US).

(C.Chr.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: C.Chr., Dansk Bot. Ark. 7:190. 1932. Synonym: (C.Chr.) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 8273 (holo: BM, iso: P! [P46639], K! [K351220]). Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:185. 1934; (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: Mauritius: s.c. s.n. (syn: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125038-1

(Spring) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Spring in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 3: 273. 1854. Synonym: (Spring) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Java [Indonesia]. Junghuhn 291 (holo: LG, iso: P). IPNI ID: 77125040-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 2, 24:4. 1917. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1) 71. 1985. Type: New Guinea. A.A.Pulle 907 (syn: BM, BO, BONN, K, L, U). IPNI ID: 77125042-1

(Maxim.) Satou Hikobia 12 (3): 268. 1997 Basionym: Maxim., Bull. Acad. Sci. St.Petersb. 15: 231. 1870. Synonym: PageBreak (Maxim) R.D.Dixit, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77(3): 541. 1980 [1981]. Type: Japan. Maximowicz s.n.

(Hayata) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4(2): 120. 1982. Basionym: Hayata, Ic. pl. formos. 4: 131. 1914. Synonym: (Hayata) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: Taiwan. T.Soma 1 (holo: TI).

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Notul. Syst. 15:355. 1958. Synonym: (Herter) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Humbert 23478 (holo: P! [P46637]). IPNI ID: 77125044-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, Handb. fern-allies 17-18. 1887. Synonyms: (Baker) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23: 162. 1968. 1968. Type: Natal. J.Buchanan s.n. (lecto: K! [K351207] designated by Pichi Sermolli 1986: 7). IPNI ID: 77125045-1

(Spring) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Spring, Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg. 24: 25. 1849 Synonym: (Spring) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17(2) 1874. Type: Penang [Malaysia]. Lady Dalhousie 36 (holo: K! [3960/59]). Heterotypic synonyms: Based on a morphological comparison of living and herbarium specimens from Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Fiji we consider the following taxa to belong to the same widespread but extremely scarce species: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 1:14. 1911; (Alderw.) Herter ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 185. 1939; (Alderw.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Borneo [Malaysia]. A.W.Niewenhuis 317 (holo: BO! [BO185337], iso: L). Bailey, Queensl. Dept. Agric. Brisbane Bot. Bull. 7. 1893; (F.M.Bailey) Herter ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 185. 1939; (F.M.Bailey) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Australia. E.Cowley 29 (holo: BRI! [AQ24829]). Cesati, Ann. Acc. Sc. Fis. et. Mat. Napoli VII, 35 (1876); (Cesati) Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 8: 86 (1949); Type: Malaysia. O.Beccari (holo: FI! [FI11821]). Brownlie, Nova Hedwigia Beih., 55 (Pterid. Fl. Fiji) 22. 1977; (Brownlie) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 26(1): 92. 1991. Type: Fiji. Fiji Dept. Agr. 18070 (holo: CHR! [CHR341159]). Gepp ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 185 (1939) nom. nud.; Type: Sogori, New Guinea. H.O.Forbes s.n. (holo?: BM! [BM1038045]). IPNI ID: 77125047-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3:19. 1923. Synonyms: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: Philippines. E.A.Mearns & W.J.Hutchinson 4654 (holo: NY! [NY127344], iso: MICH! [MICH1191095], P! [P01220906, P01220907], US! [US134352]). IPNI ID: 77125049-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54:229. 1916. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, PageBreakGeobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: New Guinea. Ledermann 11318 (syn: B, BM); R.Schlechter 19085 (syn: B! [B2112382] BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125051-1

(Pic.Serm.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Pic.Serm., Webbia 27: 392. 1973. Type: Kenya. R.B.Faden et al. 70/180 (holo: FI! [FI3008], iso: EA! [EA2516, EA2517], iso: K! [K351206]). IPNI ID: 77125052-1

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:188, t. 175. 1934. Synonym: (Nessel) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23: 162. 1968. Type: Ethiopia. Ellenbeck s.n. (lecto: BONN-Nessel 544 p.p. designated by Pichi Sermolli 1968: 162). IPNI ID: 77125054-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3:16. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: Philippines. A.D.Elmer 6411 (isosyn: P! [P01220901]); J.Bermejos 372 (isosyn: P! [P01220903]); H.M.Curran 3906 (isosyn: P! [P01220905]); E.D.Merrill 5923 (isosyn: P! [P01220902]). IPNI ID: 77125056-1

(Herter) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunn. 4:125. 1982. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: Beibl. 98: 48. 1909. Synonyms: (Herter) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985; (Herter) Herter ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 137. 1939. Type: China. P.G.Farges s.n. (holo: P! [P01234387], iso: MO! [MO255690]).

(Sw.) W.H.Wagner, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb.20:242. 1995 Basionym: Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 2: 114. 1800 [1801]; Synonyms: (Sw.) Herter, Index. Lyc. 61. 1949; (Sw.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax 20:72 (1985). Type: “Insulae Sandwich oceani pacific" [Tahiti] in Syn. Fil. 1806. Heterotypic synonyms: Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3(2): 653. 1792. (Hamilt. ex D. Don) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17:248. 1874. Type: Réunion. Commerson s.n. (holo: P! [P46612], iso: P! [P583966]). Kaulf., Enum. Filic. 6. 1824; (Kaulf.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17(2) 1874. Type: Sandwich Islands [Hawaii], Chamisso s.n. (lecto: B designated by Nessel 1939: 30). L.f.,. Suppl. pl. 448. 1782; (L.f.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 60. 1944. Type: Réunion. P.Sonnerat per A.Thouin (holo: SBT! [SBT12294]).

(Kuhn) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Kuhn, Forschungsr. Gazelle 4:15. 1889. Synonym: (Kuhn) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: New Guinea. Nauman s.n. (holo: B! [B112446], iso: BM). Note: Some authors have considered this taxon to share affinities with but we consider that it is closer to (Copel.) A.R.Field & Bostock and the relationship between the two needs investigating. IPNI ID: 77125058-1

(Copel.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Copel., Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 59:7, t.1. 1929. Synonym: (Copel.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: H.E.Parks 20651(holo: UC! [UC351029], iso: BISH! [BISH1000366]). IPNI ID: 77125060-1

(Baker) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunn.4:126. 1982. Basionym: Baker, Handb. Fern-Allies 17. 1887. Synonym: (Baker) R.D.Dixit Census Indian Pteridophytes 7. 1984. Type: China. Ford 4 (holo: K).

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 8:23. 1949. Synonym: (Herter) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 15405 (lecto: P! [P226738] designated by Tardieu (1971: 20). IPNI ID: 77125062-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 124. 1939. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Philippines. E.A.Mearns & Hutchinson 1277 (iso: ?); New Guinea. MacGregor 3945 (iso: ?). IPNI ID: 77125064-1

(L.f.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: L.f., Suppl. pl. 448. 1782. Synonym: (L.f) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17:247. 1874. Type: Mauritius. P.Sonnerat per A.Thouin s.n. (holo: P). Heterotypic synonyms: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:186. 1934; (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: “Insel Greymouth 1885" (lecto: BONN-Nessel designated Øllgaard 1989: 92). IPNI ID: 77125065-1

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:188, t.175. 1934. Synonym: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: West-Sumatra [Indonesia] Goebel s.n. (isosyn: UC! [UC413367], BONN-Nessel!); Kwala Relai [Malaysia]. M.Haniff & M.Nur 10225 (isosyn: BM! [BM1038044]). Heterotypic synonyms: Herter ex Nessel, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6:167. 1940. Synonym: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Borneo [Malaysia]. (holo: P?). IPNI ID: 77125067-1

Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4(2):123. 1982. Type: China. S.P.Ko 51291 (holo: PE).

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 2, 1:14. 1911. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Indonesia. A.E.Kerkhoven 15 (holo: BO [BO1826257]). IPNI ID: 77125069-1

(Spreng.) Á.Löve & D.Löve, Taxon26(2-3):324. 1977. Basionym: Spreng., Syst. veg. 5: 429. 1828. Type: Nepal. J.Buchanan s.n. (holo: BM).

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter ex Nessel, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 166. 1940. Synonym: (Herter ex Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Caroline Islands [Micronesia] R.Kanehira 1316 (iso: NY! [NY127353], US [US1917849]). IPNI ID: 77125071-1

(Warb.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Warb., Monsunia, 1:97. 1898. Synonym: (O.Warb.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Papua New Guinea. F.Hellwig 349 (holo: B! [B112544], iso: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125073-1

(Baker) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4(2):125 1982. Basionym: Baker, Kew Bull. 1906:15. 1906. Type: China. Henry 11551 (holo: K).

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:16. 1934. Synonym: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: India. H.C.Levinge s.n. (holo: K, iso: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125075-1

(Hieron.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Hieron. in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C:90. 1985. Synonyms: (Hieron.) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23: 163. 1968. Type: Usambara [Tanzania]. C.Holst 8814 (holo: B! [B112586], iso: K! [K351205], P! [P466630], BM! [BM785226]). IPNI ID: 77125077-1

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 225. 1939. Synonym: (Herter ex Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 73. 1985. Type: Borneo [Malaysia]. A.W.Niewenhuis 311 (iso: L! [L57351], BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125079-1

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 48:170. 1940. Type: Madagascar. J.Kiese s.n. (holo: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125546-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 8:23. 1949. Synonym: (Herter) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Humbert 12224 (isolecto: P! [P466628, P466627, P466629] designated by Tardieu 1971: 29). IPNI ID: 77125081-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 8:24. 1949. Synonym: (Herter) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23: 163. 1968. Type: Sierra Leone. Jaeger 1522 (holo: P! [P466622]). IPNI ID: 77125083-1

(Hayata) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 4:132. 1914. Synonym: (Hayata) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: Taiwan. Kawakami & Nakahara 787 (holo: TI). IPNI ID: 77125085-1

(E.Pritz. ex Schumann & Lauterb.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: E.Pritz. ex Schumann & Lauterb., Südsee 149. 1900. Synonym: (E.Pritz.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: New Guinea. C.A.G.Lauterbach 3174 (holo: B, iso: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125087-1

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36(12-15):187. 1934. Synonyms: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: Madagascar. (holo: BONN-Nessel 492). IPNI ID: 77125089-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54:232. 1916. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 198. Type: New Guinea. C.Keysser 199 (iso: SUNIV!, B! [B113004]). IPNI ID: 77125091-1

(D.L.Jones & B.Gray ), A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: D.L.Jones & B. Gray, Austrobaileya 2:126. 1985. Synonym: PageBreak (D.L.Jones & B.Gray) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 26(1): 92. 1991. Type: Australia B.Gray 3541 (holo: QRS! [QRS77021]) IPNI ID: 77125092-1

(Copel.), A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 60:100, t.3. 1936. Type: Solomon Islands. S.F.Kajewski 1953 (holo: PHN destroyed, iso: BM! [BM16725], MICH! [MICH1287171]). IPNI ID: 77125094-1

C.Y.Ma, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(3):58. 1990. Type: China C.Y.Ma 3246 (holo: AMMS).

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, J. Bot. 28: 109. 1890. Synonym: (Baker) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: New Guinea. W.MacGregor 68 (holo: K!, iso: BM! [BM1038027, BM1038028]). Heterotypic synonyms: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 24:4. 1917; (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: (holo: New Guinea. G.M.Vertseeg 2510 (holo: U! [U7449]). Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38:62. 1935. (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 78. 1985. Type: Papua New Guinea. L.J.Brass 4729 (iso: NY! [NY127367], iso: BRI! [AQ24833]). IPNI ID: 77125096-1

(Hook. ex Spring) N.C.Nair & S.R.Ghosh, J. Econ. Taxon.Bot.12(1):194. 1988. Synonyms: (Hook. ex Spring) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: India. F.Adams s.n. (syn: K). Sri Lanka. Walker s.n. (syn: K).

(Hillebr.) W.H.Wagner, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20:241 1995. Basionym: var. mannii Hillebr., Fl. Hawaiian Isl. 645. 1888. Type: Hawaii. H.Mann & W.T.Brigham 506 (iso: BISH! [BISH1005485], MO! [MO22681]).

(D.L.Jones & B.Gray) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: D.L.Jones & B.Gray, Austrobaileya 2:128. 1985. Synonym: (D.L.Jones & B.Gray) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 26(1): 92. 1991. Type: Australia. B.Gray 3841 (holo: BRI! [AQ419317], CNS! [QRS78343]). IPNI ID: 77125098-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21:454. 1885. Synonym: (Baker) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. R.Baron 2840 (holo: K! [K351218, K351219]). IPNI ID: 77125100-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3:15. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: Philippines. E.D.Merrill 965 (iso: UC! [UC1096474], U! [U7444], MICH! [MICH1191096]). IPNI ID: 77125103-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Hedwigia 49:90. 1909. Synonym: (Herter) Pic.Serm., Webbia 23:163. 1968. Type: Cameroon. Milbraed 3449 (holo: B). IPNI ID: 77125104-1

Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4(2): 125. 1982. Synonym: (Ching) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20: 74. 1985. Type: China. PageBreakP.S.Chiou 2069 (holo: PE). See recent note on the nomenclature of this species (Zhang 2012).

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: var. minutifolium Alderw., Malayan fern allies 44. 1915. Synonyms: (Alderw.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: New Guinea. Ruchmat s.n. (holo: L). IPNI ID: 77125106-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 5:226. 1922. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Ternate [Moluccas, Indonesia]. V.M.A.Beguin 1329 (holo: BO [BO186327]). IPNI ID: 77125108-1

(G.Forst.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: G.Forst., Florae Insulae Australiae Prodromus. 1786. Synonym: (G.Forst.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: New Caledonia. G.Forster s.n. (iso: P-Luerss., UPS-Thunb). IPNI ID: 77125109-1

C.Y.Ma, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(3):58. 1990. Type: China. C.Y.Ma 3274 (holo: AMMS).

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36:187. 1934. Synonym: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: New Caledonia. E.Viellard (lecto: BONN-Nessel designated Øllgaard 1989: 96). IPNI ID: 77125110-1

(Spring) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg. 8:517. 1841. Synonym: (Spring) Dixit, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77(3):541. 1981. Type: India. Perottet (holo: G-Deless.). IPNI ID: 77125112-1

(Blume) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4(2):125. 1982. Basionym: Blume, Enum. pl. Javae 2: 263. 1828. Synonym: (Blume) Chambers, Jermy & Crabbe, Brit. Fern Gaz. 10: 176. 1971. Type: Java. C.L.Blume s.n. (isolecto: L! [L57363]).

(Brack.) W.H.Wagner Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb.20:241. 1995. Synonym: (Brack.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. 54: 62. 1944. Type: Hawaii. Wilkes 10 (holo: US, iso: BISH! [BISH1005484]).

(Ching & S.K.Wu) H.S.Kung & Li Bing Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.37(1):52. 1999.

(P.Beauv.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: P.Beauv., Prodr. Aethéogam. 109. 1805. Synonym: (P.Beauv.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. 54:61. 1944. Type: Réunion. J.B.G.M. Bory de St. Vincent (holo: P! [P466623], iso: B-Wild.! [B-W19344]). Heterotypic synonyms: Kuhn ex Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: Beibl. 98:51. 1909; (Kuhn) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Madagascar. J.M.Hildebrandt 4141(holo: B! [B85521], iso: B! [B8522], P! [P466624, P466625, P46626]). IPNI ID: 77125135-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: Beibl. 98:52. 1909. Synonym: PageBreak (Herter) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20:75.1985. Type: New Hebrides [Vanuatu] s.c. s.n. (syn: P). IPNI ID: 77125167-1

(Herter ex Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter ex Nessel [Bärlappgewächse 231. 1939, nom. inval.] Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 168. 1940. Synonym: (Herter ex Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Tahiti. J.McGillivray 1331. IPNI ID: 77125115-1

(Lam.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3:646. 1789. Synonym: (Lam.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. 54:62. 1944. Type: Mauritius. Commerson s.n. (holo: P-Lam). Note: Molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that this Palaeotropic species belongs to a Neotropical radiation of . IPNI ID: 77125118-1

(Ching) W.M.Chu ex H.S.Kung & Li Bing Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.37(1):52 (1999). Basionym: Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnanica 3: 298. 1981. Type: China. Yunnan Complex Exped. 1504 (holo: PE).

(Copel.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Copel., Bernice P. Bishop. Mus. Bull. 59:8, t.2. 1929. Synonym: (Copel.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Fiji. H.E.Parks 20584 (holo: UC! [UC351026], iso: P! [P711367], BISH! [BISH1000370], US! [US1759872]). Heterotypic synonym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.. 36:182 t.172 1934; (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 71. 1985. Type: Flora Vitiensis [Fiji] C.Weber s.n. (syn: BONN). IPNI ID: 77125120-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 24:4. 1917. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Irian Jaya [Indonesia]. A.A.Pulle 462 (holo: BO, iso: BM, BONN-Nessel, L! [L57365], U). IPNI ID: 77125121-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15:421. 1876. Synonym: (Baker) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. W.Pool s.n. (holo: K1 [K351214]). IPNI ID: 77125123-1

(Tardieu) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Tardieu, Adansonia 10:20. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 8294 (holo: P). IPNI ID: 77125127-1

(C.B.Clarke) H.S.Kung & Li Bing Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.37(1): 52. 1999. Basionym: var. petiolatus C.B.Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Bot. 1: 590. 1880. Synonyms: (C.B.Clarke) R.D.Dixit, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77(3): 541. 1980 [1981]. Type: Khasia [Bangladesh]. C.B.Clarke s.n. (holo: BM).

(L.) T.Sen & U.Sen, Fern. Gaz.11(6):421. 1978. Basionym: L., Species Plantarum 2. 1753. Synonym: (L.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. 54: 62. 1944. Type: India. s.c. s.n. (lecto: Dillen (1741) p. 450 tab. 61 fig 5, A, B & C.! here designated).

(Gaudich.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Gaudich., Voy. Uranie, Bot. 1830. Synonym: (Gaudich.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54(1). 1944. Type: PageBreakMoluccas [Indonesia] C.-B.Gaudichaud s.n. (holo: P!, iso: K!). Heterotypic synonyms: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39:67. 1935; (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: Fiji. A.C.Smith 142 (holo: NY! [NY127357]). Kuhn, Forschungsr. Gazelle 4: 16. 1889; (Kuhn) Herter ex Nessel, Bärlappgewächse 237. 1939; (Kuhn) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20: 76. 1985; Type: , Fiji Islands (holo - unknown). F.M.Bailey, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 1:150 (1885); (F.M.Bailey) Herter, Index Lyc. 86. 1949; Type: Daintree River, Australia Fitzalan s.n. (syn: BRI!) and Johnstone River, Australia Kefford s.n. (syn: BRI!). IPNI ID: 77125129-1

R.D.Dixit J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77(3): 541. 1981. Synonyms: (Hook. & Arn.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 75. 1985. Type: Hawaiian Islands G.T.Lay & A.Collie 3321 (holo: BM! [BM1038070]). Heterotypic synonyms: Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg. 8:518. 1841. (Spring) Roth., Feddes Repert. 54:62. 1944. Type: Hawaii. C.-B.Gaudichaud (iso: BM, L! [L57364], P). IPNI ID: 77125132-1

(Tardieu) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 21, t. 2, f. 5-8. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 17773 (holo: P! [P466620], iso: BM! [BM785232], P! [P466618, P466619, P226993]). IPNI ID: 77125134-1

(Blume) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 2:265. 1828. Synonym: (Blume) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17(2). 1874. Type: Java [Indonesia], C.L.Blume s.n. (lecto: L! [L57380], iso: P!). IPNI ID: 77125135-1

Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 26(2-3): 324. Basionym: Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Icon. Filic. 1(2): 38. 1827. Synonyms: (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Pic.Serm. Type: Nepal N. Wallich s.n. (iso: BM! [BM1038025]). IPNI ID: 77125138-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: Beibl. 98:53. 1909. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: Tahiti. Ribourt s.n. (syn: P, BONN-Nessel), Nadeau s.n. (syn: P). IPNI ID: 77125140-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 8:25. 1949. Synonym: (Herter) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 18. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Humbert 3717 (holo: P! [P466617]). IPNI ID: 77125141-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 16:39. 1914. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: New Guinea. Gjellerup 1080 (holo: BO, iso: L! [L57385]). IPNI ID: 77125145-1

(Herter) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4(2):122. 1982. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3: 18. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) PageBreakHolub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: not designated, numerous Philippines specimens cited. Heterotypic synonyms: Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 46:209. 1931. Synonym: (Copel.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 72. 1985. Type: Philippines G.E.Edaño (holo: MICH, iso: NY! [NY127347]).

(Herter ex Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter ex Nessel, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6:163. 1940. Synonyms: (Nessel) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: Samoa. Dr Friedrich s.n. (lecto: BONN-Nessel designated Øllgaard 1989: 100). IPNI ID: 77125146-1

C.Y.Yang, Acta Phytotax. Sin.22(1):87. 1984. Type: China. W.T.Tsan 22289 (holo: SCBI).

(E.Pritz.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: E.Pritz. in Schechter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39:14. 1906. Synonym: (E.Pritz.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: New Caledonia. R.Schlechter 15174 (holo: B, iso: BM, K). IPNI ID: 77125148-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Bot. Jahrb. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 16:40. 1914. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: Borneo. Teysman s.n. (iso: L! [L57387]). IPNI ID: 77125150-1

(Miq.) Ching, Fl. Xisang 1:12. 1983. Basionym: ii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3: 184: 1897. Synonyms: (Miq.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 76. 1985. Type: Japan. P.F.von Siebold s.n. (iso: L, US! [US134339]).

Lawalrée, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19: 195. 1973. Synonyms: (Lawalrée) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20: 77. 1985. Type: Zaire. Evrard 3580 (holo: BR).

(G.Forst.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, Taxon 26:324. 1977. Basionym: G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. 479 (1786). Type: Tahiti. J & G. Forster s.n. (isosyn: BM! [BM1048443] and P!). Synonyms: (G.Forst.) Trevis.; Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 247. 1874; (G.Forst.) Herter; Bot. Arch. 3: 14. 1923.Heterotypic synonyms: Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. suppl. 3: 599. 1813 [1814]. Type: Mauritius. s.c. s.n. (holo: P! [P4666615]). Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. suppl. 3:559. 1913; (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 248. 1874. Type: Mauritius. s.c. s.n. (holo: P! [P0466614]). (Nessel) Herter, Index Lyc. 68. 1949; Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 8276 (holo: P). Pamp., Bull. Reale Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 111, 13: 99. 1908. Type: Indonesia. Pampanini s.n. (iso: P).

(Nessel) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Nessel, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 48:170. 1940. Type: Cameroon. Staudt 476 (lecto: P, isolecto: BONN-Nessel). IPNI ID: 77125151-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, J. Bot. 11:271. 1882. Synonym: (Baker) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 20. 1970. Type: Madagascar. Parker s.n. (holo: K). IPNI ID: 77125152-1

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg. ser. 2, 28:44. 1918. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Papua New Guinea. R.Schlechter 13775 (syn: B! [B0114953]). IPNI ID: 77125153-1

(Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) S.R.Ghosh, Pterid. Fl. E. India66. 2004. Basionym: Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Filic. 1. 1827. Synonym: (Wall. ex Hook & Grev.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 248. 1874. Type: Nepal. N.Wallich s.n. (holo: K). IPNI ID: 77125155-1

(Brownlie) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Brownlie, Nova Hedwigia Beih., 55 (Pterid. Fl. Fiji) 24. 1977. Synonyms: (Brownlie) Holub Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 26(1): 93. 1991. Type: Fiji. G.Brownlie 1287 (holo: CHR! [CHR341227]).

(Alderw.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2,28:45. 1918. Synonym: (Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Sumatra [Indonesia]. Bünnemeijer 814 (holo: BO, iso: BONN-Nessel, L! [L57395]). IPNI ID: 77125156-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54:229. 1916. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: New Guinea. Ledermann 9602 (holo: B). IPNI ID: 77125157-1

(Kunze) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Kunze, Bot. Zeit. (Berlin) 6:99. 1848. Synonym: (Kunze ex Alderw.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Java [Indonesia]. Zollinger 2460 (iso: G, HBG, L! [L57313]). IPNI ID: 77125159-1

(A.R.Field & Bostock) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: A.R.Field & Bostock, Austrobaileya 7(4): 711. 2008. Type: Australia. A.R.Field & O.Rawlins 1139 (holo: BRI, iso: CNS). IPNI ID: 77125158-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot Arch. 3:15. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Philippines. D.L.Topping 1096 (iso: BONN-Nessel, NY! [NY127365], US! [US134342]). IPNI ID: 77125160-1

Lawalrée, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19:197. 1973. Synonym: (Lawalrée) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Congo. J.Louis 4012 (iso: P! [P507738]).

(Copel.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Copel., Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 59:7. 1929. Synonym: (Copel.) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 77. 1985. Type: Fiji. H.E.Parks 20225 (holo: UC! [351031], iso: NY! [NY127366]). IPNI ID: 77125161-1

(C.Chr.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: C.Chr., Dansk Bot. Ark. 7:191. 1932. Synonym: (C.Chr.) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 20. 1970. Type: Madagascar. H.Perrier 8270 (holo: P! [P466613]). IPNI ID: 77125162-1

(Sw.) S.R.Ghosh, Pterid. Fl. E. India 64. 2004. Basionym: Sw., Syn. Fil. 177. 1806. Synonym: (Sw.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 248. 1874. Type: India orientalis.

(R.Br.) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: R.Br., Prodr. 165. 1810. Synonym: (R.Br.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17:247. 1874. Type: Australia. R.Brown Iter Austral. 124 (isolecto: BM!, K!). Heterotypic synonyms: Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg. 8:516 1841; (Spring) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54(1) 1944. Type: Nova Hollandia [Australia] La Billardière s.n. (syn: P-Jussieu!). Colenso, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 19: 275. 1887; (Colenso) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20:75 (1985); Type: New Zealand (holo: WELT). Bory in Duperry, Voy. monde, Bot. 1: 248 t. 26. 1829. Type: Novelle Irlande [Papua New Guinea] Durville & Lesson s.n. (syn: ?); d’Offack s.n. (syn: P). Desv. ex Poir., Encycl. suppl. 3: 544. 1813 [1814]. Type: Novelle Hollande [Australia]. s.c. s.n. (holo: P). IPNI ID: 77125163-1

(Herter) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Herter, Bot. Arch. 3:14. 1923. Synonym: (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 78. 1985. Type: Philippines. H.N.Whitford 798 (holo: PNH lost 1945, iso: MICH! [MICH1191097], US! [US134345]). Heterotypic synonyms: Herter, Hedwigia 49:91. 1909. (Herter) Holub, Geobot. Phytotax. 20(1): 74. 1985. Type: Philippines. M.S.Clemens (holo: B!). IPNI ID: 77125164-1

(Baker) A.R.Field & Bostock comb. nov. Basionym: Baker, Handb. fern-allies 12.1887. Synonym: (Baker) Tardieu, Adansonia sér. 2, 10: 20. 1970. Type: Madagascar. R.Baron 4512 (holo: K! [K351213]). IPNI ID: 77125165-1

Ching & C.F.Zhang,Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin3(3): 2. 1983. Type: China. K.Y.Shing 256.

Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4(2): 121. 1982. Type: China. K.M.Feng 7274 (holo: PE).