Motor outflow to cervical motoneurons from raccoon motorsensory cortex.

Motor outflow from forelimb motorsensory cortex (MsI) to forelimb muscle motoneurons in raccoon has been investigated using three approaches: 1) determination of latencies for cortically evoked efferent discharge in forelimb nerves; 2) determination of latencies for cortical facilitation of forelimb monosynaptic reflexes; and 3) intracellular recording of cortically evoked synaptic potentials. All three approaches indicated a major polysynaptic pathway (minimally disynaptic) for corticofugal facilitation or inhibition of cervical motoneurons. Suggestive evidence for a monosynaptic connection between forelimb MsI and cervical motoneurons was found for only one motoneurons. Nevertheless, the motor pathway between MsI and cervical motoneurons was shown to be more efficacious (defined on the basis of central delays) than in the cat under similar experimental conditions. The results are discussed in terms of organization changes in forelimb MsI which appear to be related to the extent to which certain mammals use their forelimbs for manipulating and exploring objects.