Lornoxicam : pharmacology and usefulness to treat acute postoperative and musculoskeletal pain a narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are commonly used for acute pain management. Lornoxicam is a nonselective NSAID for oral and intravenous administration. It has been available for human use since two decades and there is a growing body of evidence supporting its efficacy and tolerability for management of acute pain. AREAS COVERED: Public domain literature around the clinical use of lornoxicam for acute pain management has been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION: There are a growing number of clinical studies documenting lornoxicam effects for short-term treatment of acute postoperative pain following various surgical procedures. It has in the majority of comparative studies been shown superior as compared to paracetamol, non-inferior compared to other NSAIDs, and commonly similarly effective as standard clinical doses of opioids, but associated with better tolerability. Its effect on other acute pain, for example, headache, back pain, or sports injury is not well studied. Lornoxicam 8 mg twice daily is a seemingly effective and tolerable alternative NSAID for use as sole agent or as part of multimodal analgesia in adults. Available data does however not show any outstanding benefits or special risk. The general precautions with regard to the use of NSAIDs, the potential risks, for example, gastrointestinal bleeding and or cardiovascular side effects must be acknowledged.