OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether inflammatory stress exacerbates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and liver fibrosis using a C57BL/6J mouse model of chronic inflammation. METHODS: Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet (15.0% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid) and randomly assigned to the normal control group (n=6; subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mL of isotonic saline, every other day for 14 weeks) or the chronic inflammation model group (n=6; subcutaneously injected with of 0.5 mL of 10% casein, every other day for 14 weeks). At the end of week 14, the animals were sacrificed and blood was collected from the left ventricle for serological analysis of inflammatory markers and lipid profile, including serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)). Extracted liver tissues were divided for use in histological analysis (lipid accumulation and fibrosis evaluated by Oil Red O, Sirius red and Masson's trichrome staining) and quantitative fluorescence real-time PCR (to measure b-actin normalized expression of TNF-a MCP1, SREBP-2, LDLr, HMGCoA-r, ATF-6, GRP78, BMP-7, TGF-b, and collagens type I and type IV). Comparisons between groups were made by the two-samples t-test or Satterthwaite t-approximation test, collagen type I and type IV. RESULTS: Compared to the normal control group, the inflammation model group showed elevated serum IL-6 (12.55+/-4.75 vs. 32.41+/-7.42 pg/mL, P less than 0.01), reduced serum TC (14.82+/-1.56 vs. 10.62+/-0.48 mmol/L, P less than 0.01), up-regulated hepatic TNF-a mRNA expression (1.05+/-0.35 vs. 2.12+/-0.72, P less than 0.01), and elevated hepatic TC (12.10+/-2.57 vs. 23.21+/-8.75 mmol/L, P less than 0.05). In addition, the inflammation group showed abnormal lipid deposition, and increased and thickened reticular fibers. The livers of the inflammation group also showed up-regulated mRNA expression of SREBP-2 (normal control: 1.01+/-0.19 vs. 2.63+/-0.13, P less than 0.05), GRP78 (1.07+/-0.47 vs. 2.21+/-0.99, P less than 0.05), TGF-b (1.01+/-0.14 vs. 1.38+/-0.28, P less than 0.05), and collagen type I (1.02+/-0.27 vs. 1.71+/-0.51, P less than 0.05) and down-regulation of BMP-7 (1.01+/-0.15 vs. 0.55+/-0.25, P less than 0.01). CONCLUSION: Activation of the inflammatory system exacerbates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and hepatic fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether inflammatory stress exacerbates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and liver fibrosis using a C57BL/6J mouse model of chronic inflammation. METHODS: Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet (15.0% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid) and randomly assigned to the normal control group (n=6; subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mL of isotonic saline, every other day for 14 weeks) or the chronic inflammation model group (n=6; subcutaneously injected with of 0.5 mL of 10% casein, every other day for 14 weeks). At the end of week 14, the animals were sacrificed and blood was collected from the left ventricle for serological analysis of inflammatory markers and lipid profile, including serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)). Extracted liver tissues were divided for use in histological analysis (lipid accumulation and fibrosis evaluated by Oil Red O, Sirius red and Masson's trichrome staining) and quantitative fluorescence real-time PCR (to measure b-actin normalized expression of TNF-aMCP1, SREBP-2, LDLr, HMGCoA-r, ATF-6, GRP78, BMP-7, TGF-b, and collagens type I and type IV). Comparisons between groups were made by the two-samples t-test or Satterthwaite t-approximation test, collagen type I and type IV. RESULTS: Compared to the normal control group, the inflammation model group showed elevated serum IL-6 (12.55+/-4.75 vs. 32.41+/-7.42 pg/mL, P less than 0.01), reduced serum TC (14.82+/-1.56 vs. 10.62+/-0.48 mmol/L, P less than 0.01), up-regulated hepatic TNF-a mRNA expression (1.05+/-0.35 vs. 2.12+/-0.72, P less than 0.01), and elevated hepatic TC (12.10+/-2.57 vs. 23.21+/-8.75 mmol/L, P less than 0.05). In addition, the inflammation group showed abnormal lipid deposition, and increased and thickened reticular fibers. The livers of the inflammation group also showed up-regulated mRNA expression of SREBP-2 (normal control: 1.01+/-0.19 vs. 2.63+/-0.13, P less than 0.05), GRP78 (1.07+/-0.47 vs. 2.21+/-0.99, P less than 0.05), TGF-b (1.01+/-0.14 vs. 1.38+/-0.28, P less than 0.05), and collagen type I (1.02+/-0.27 vs. 1.71+/-0.51, P less than 0.05) and down-regulation of BMP-7 (1.01+/-0.15 vs. 0.55+/-0.25, P less than 0.01). CONCLUSION: Activation of the inflammatory system exacerbates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and hepatic fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice.