STM, STS and Bias-Dependent Imaging on Organic Monolayers at the Solid-Liquid Interface.

This chapter deals with various aspects of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and in particularit reviews STS investigations on organic films. Though this chapter addresses in particular thosesystems which have been probed under ambient conditions and at the solid-liquid interface, a significantpart deals with studies under UHV conditions. Some key principles of STS are highlighted and variousmolecular systems are reviewed, ranging from prototypical dyes or conjugated systems such as phthalocyanines,over conjugated polymers and multi-component covalent and non-covalent systems.