Treatment options: apexogenesis and apexification.

This article will describe requirements for case selection and review the procedures for apexogenesis and apexification in immature permanent teeth. Nonclinical and clinical data will be presented to support the recommendations, and outcomes will be presented from clinical studies. The dental pulp is an ectomesenchymally derived connective tissue with certain unique properties such as being encased in hard tissues, which limits its collateral circulation. The pulp provides a matrix for binding of its cells and provides support allowing communication between the cells. In addition to immune cells, the dental pulp contains odontoblasts, which are specialized cells capable of producing dentin. In the absence of a vital pulp, dentin deposition is arrested. When an immature tooth is affected by caries or trauma, the pulp requires proper management according to the degree of inflammation and its vitality. Maintenance of pulp vitality will allow continued root development along the entire root length. If the pulp is irreversibly inflamed or necrotic, root-end closure procedures are required when the apex has not fully formed.