Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces.

Morphological characters within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex are defined explicitly. The genera Sporisorium and Anthracocystis are emended to reflect morphological synapomorphies. Three new genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are described based on soral synapomorphies and host classification. The new classification of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex incorporates 142 new taxonomic combinations.

INTRODUCTION

The three genera of smut fungi, Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces, form a complex that has eluded resolution by morphology (Langdon & Fullerton 1975, Vánky 1991, Piepenbring et al. 1998) and molecular phylogenetic analysis (Stoll et al. 2003, 2005). Two suggestions to reconcile the taxonomy of the complex have been proposed. The first was to break up the current taxa into several smaller genera and subgenera, and the second to unify the three genera into a single genus, Ustilago (Vánky 2002, Piepenbring 2004). The former solution is dependent on finding morphological synapomorphies that can delimit the genera, and the latter solution dismisses the wide morphological diversity within the group (McTaggart et al. 2012b).

Synapomorphic morphological characters and host plant classification delimited clades in the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex (McTaggart et al. 2012a). The current study defines these synapomorphic characters and proposes a new classification for many species currently placed in Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces. This approach preserves the well-known genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces, and enables the classification to reflect morphological diversity in the complex.

PHYLOGENY

Phylogenetic analyses resolved eight clades within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Six of the clades had unique morphology or host characters. Sporisorium and Anomalomyces were accepted genera. Here Anthracocystis is reinstated, and three new genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are proposed to accommodate newly resolved clades (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Phylogram obtained from a phylogenetic analysis by McTaggart et al. (2012a). Maximum likelihood support values (> 70 %) from RAxML 1 000 bootstrap replicates and PhyML aRLT values shown above the nodes. Posterior probabilities (> 0.95) from Bayesian inference shown below the nodes. Resolved genera within the complex are listed on the right hand side. Unresolved clades are numbered according to McTaggart et al. (2012a). Type species of known genera are in bold.

Definitions of soral characters in the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex

The interpretation of soral morphology is inconsistent for many descriptions of smut species. For example, Sporisorium consanguineum, Macalpinomyces spermophorus and M. viridans were described with columellae, but these structures are not homologous with columellae in Sporisorium s.str. (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Soral characters need accurate definition to prevent misinterpretation.

Columellae

A columella is defined as a structure formed by both fungal and host material, which proliferates after hyphal-induced growth of the host meristem, and connects the sorus to the host. The columella is invariably the same length or slightly shorter than the length of the sorus. There are two types of true columellae within the complex. Stout columellae are a synapomorphy for Sporisorium s.str. (Clade 1), and filiform, flexuous columellae are a synapomorphy for Anthracocystis (Clade 4) (McTaggart et al. 2012a). The non-homologous columella-like structures found in other clades have different origins and do not satisfy the definition of columellae. In particular, care should be taken not to confuse the columella with remnants of the inflorescence, such as in Ustilago drakensbergiana.

Sterile cells

Sterile cells are defined as the cells formed from partitioning non-sporogenous hyphae within the sorus. Sterile cells are an apomorphic character of the complex and were present in Macalpinomyces eriachnes, Anomalomyces panici, and Clades 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Sterile cells also occur in other groups of smut fungi, including Tilletia in the Exobasidiomycetes, and are not a valuable character for higher levels of classification. Cells found in the peridium are not formed from partitioning hyphae and are referred to as peridial cells. Peridial cells are generally irregular and in chains, and are only found in taxa with a fungal derived peridium.

Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae within the sorus are a useful character for delimitation of genera within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex. Taxa that lack sterile cells occur in two monophyletic groups, namely Anthracocystis and the subgroup, Ustilago s.str. (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Absence of sterile cells is an apomorphy for these groups.

Spore balls

Spore balls were considered to be a convergent character within the Ustilaginomycotina (Vánky 2001b). However, spore balls produced by coiled sporogenous hyphae are an apomorphic character within Anthracocystis, Anomalomyces panici and Langdonia (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Although spore balls are homoplasious within the Ustilaginomycotina, they can be used for generic delimitation within the complex.

TAXONOMY

SPORISORIUM s.str. (Clade 1)

Sporisorium was originally described as having columellae and sterile cells (Link 1825, Langdon & Fullerton 1978). Many species were described in Sporisorium even though they lacked sterile cells, for example Sporisorium absconditum, S. cenchri and S. glutinosum. Spore balls became a de facto character that defined Sporisorium (Vánky 2002), although spore balls were not mentioned in the type description. McTaggart et al. (2012a) resolved the synapomorphies of Sporisorium s.str., which were the presence of a woody columella and sterile cells, and absence of spore balls. It is now possible to define Sporisorium in a strict sense, according to the descriptions by Link (1825) and Langdon & Fullerton (1978). Emended or additional characters have been placed in bold font.

Ehrenb. ex Link, in Link, Linné’s Species Plantarum, Ed. 4, 6, 2: 86. 1825 emend. McTaggart & R.G. Shivas

Type species. Sporisorium sorghi Ehrenb. ex Link, in Willdenow, Willd., Sp. Pl., ed, 4, 6, 2: 86. 1825.

Neotype (design. by Vánky 1990: 275). EGYPT, Cairo, Sorghum bicolor, June 1876, G. Schweinfurth, HUV 1672; isoneotypes in Thümen, Mycoth. univ. no. 725 (as ‘Ustilago reiliana f. Sorghi cernui on Sorghum cernuum’). – Paraneotype. ROMANIA, Transylvania, near Odorhei (Székelyudvarhely), alt. c. 480 m, Sorghum bicolor, 5 Sept. 1963, K. Vánky, HUV 2027; isoparaneotypes in Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 50 (as ‘Sphacelotheca sorghi on Sorghum vulgare’).

Sori replacing inflorescences or florets. Peridium of interwoven hyphae overlain by several layers of host tissue. Columella composed of host tissues permeated by inter- and intra-cellular hyphae, cylindrical, stout or woody, branched or unbranched, peripheral cells thick-walled and vacuolated. Hyphae growing from columella of young sori differentiating as pockets of sporogenous hyphae enclosed by non-sporogenous partitioning hyphae. . Spores at first somewhat agglutinated, later pulverulent, dark, single, globose to subglobose. Sterile cells hyaline, subglobose to globose, in groups or chains, intermixed with the spores, formed from non-sporogenous partitioning hyphae. Germination of Ustilago type.

New combination for Sporisorium s.str.

(Langdon) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801582

Basionym. Ustilago porosa Langdon, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 87: 48. 1962.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Kununurra, Sewerage treatment plant, Sorghum timorense, 7 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51811; Western Australia, Kununurra, Mulligan Lagoon Road, Sorghum timorense, 9 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51842a; Northern Territory, NE of Anthony Lagoon, Sorghum timorense, 15 Apr. 1947, S.T. Blake, BRIP 7803, holotype.

Sporisorium porosum does not have sterile cells, which are usually present in other species of Sporisorium.

ANTHRACOCYSTIS (Clade 4)

Many taxa recovered in Clade 4 of the molecular phylogenetic analysis by McTaggart et al. (2012a) were previously classified as Sorosporium. Langdon & Fullerton (1975) described soral differences between Sorosporium on hosts in Caryophyllaceae and on hosts in Poaceae. The name Sorosporium was considered a synonym of Thecaphora (Vánky 2002) and is not suitable for species in Clade 4 as it applies to smuts on Caryophyllaceae. Brefeld (1912) described Anthracocystis to accommodate Caeoma destruens, which was recovered in Clade 4. Brefeld (1912) diagnosed Anthracocystis as a distinct genus based on presence of smut galls, and the peculiar formation of its peridium that developed from floral envelopes.

A third name applied to species in Clade 4 was Lundquistia, which Vánky (2001a) established for taxa possessing spore balls embedded in the host tissue, and sori that lacked sterile cells, peridia and columellae. Vánky (2001a) initially described Lundquistia for one species, L. fascicularis, on Digitaria brownii in Australia. This species is now synonymous with Sporisorium panici-leucophaei. Three years later, Vánky (2004) emended Lundquistia to include species that had either permanent or ephemeral spore balls, with or without sterile cells between the spore balls. He included three South American taxa, L. deiteliana (syn. Sporisorium dietelianum), L. duranii (syn. S. duranii) and L. mexicana (syn. S. mexicanum), which possessed combinations of soral characters that were not typical of Sporisorium. Vánky (2004) stated that the characters he used to establish Lundquistia were “not strong enough to differentiate two genera”, but retained Lundquistia as a genus.

The first two descriptions of Lundquistia by Vánky (2001a, 2004) made some mistaken conclusions about the soral morphology of species included in this genus (2012a). Lundquistia was originally described as lacking columellae (Vánky 2001a). However, the combination of fungal and host material in the shredded fascicles of vascular bands described in Sporisorium panici-leucophaei are columellae under the definition proposed here. The presence of filiform columellae is a synapomorphy for taxa in Clade 4 (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Vánky (2001a) reported that the spore balls in Lundquistia were not formed from coiled sporogenous hyphae, which is a synapomorphic character for taxa in Clade 4. The method of spore ball formation in S. panici-leucophaei is not known. For other taxa in Clade 4, spore balls form from coiled sporogenous hyphae, as outlined by Langdon & Fullerton (1975).

Cunnington et al. (2005) demonstrated that the emended Lundquistia (Vánky 2004) was polyphyletic. Stoll et al. (2005) first synonymized Lundquistia with Sporisorium and later Cunnington et al. (2005) confirmed the synonymy. They were unable to find any morphological characters that could separate the two monophyletic groups within Sporisorium.

Sporisorium mexicanum and S. panici-leucophaei, which were both placed in Lundquistia (Vánky 2001a, 2004), belong to Clade 4. Taxa included in Clade 4 represent a genus separate from Sporisorium. Lundquistia and Anthracocystis are both valid names for these species. Anthracocystis was described in 1912 and takes priority over Lundquistia.

Characters that separate Anthracocystis from Sporisorium are the presence of filiform columellae and spore balls, and the absence of sterile cells (rarely a few cells are observed). The presence of a white, fungal peridium is a useful diagnostic character. Anthracocystis is emended to accommodate taxa with these characters. Emended or additional characters have been placed in bold font.

Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 15: 53. 1912. emend. McTaggart & R.G. Shivas

= Lundquistia Vánky, Mycotaxon 77: 371. 2001, emend. Vánky, Fung. Diversity 17: 160. Type: Lundquistia fascicularis Vánky on Digitaria brownii.

Type species. Anthracocystis destruens (Schltdl.) Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 15: 53. 1912.

Neotype (design. by Vánky, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 24, 2: 115. 1985). GERMANY, Bunzlau (Poland, Bolesławiec), Panicum miliaceum, J. Kühn, HUV 1895; isoneotypes in Rbh., Herb. Vivum Mycol., ed. 2, no. 400 (as ‘Ustilago destruens’).

Sori replacing inflorescences, all of the racemes or localized in spikelets of an inflorescence. . . Spores compacted in spore balls, globose to subglobose, often outer spores darker than inner spores. .

New combinations for Anthracocystis

(Lavrov) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB519129

Basionym. Sorosporium abramovianum Lavrov, Trudy Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 86: 85. 1934.

≡ Sporisorium abramovianum (Lavrov) Karatygin, in Karatygin & Azbukina, Definitorum fungorum URSS, etc.: 72. 1989.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801583

Basionym. Sporisorium absconditum Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 36. 2003.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Mount Garnet, Forty Mile Scrub National Park, Schizachyrium fragile, 6 Apr. 1998, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 43880, isotype; Northern Territory, 26 km S of Tennant Creek, Schizachyrium fragile, 26 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, J.R. Liberato, R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49648.

(Vienn.-Bourg.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801584

Basionym. Sorosporium anadelphiae Vienn.-Bourg., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 104: 266. 1957 (as ‘ananelphiae’).

≡ Sporisorium anadelphiae (Vienn.-Bourg.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 58. 2003.

(Petch) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801585

Basionym. Ustilago andropogonis-aciculati Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 4: 303. 1909.

≡ Sorosporium andropogonis-aciculati (Petch) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 5: 227. 1912.

≡ Sporisorium andropogonis-aciculati (Petch) Vánky, Mycotaxon 18: 328. 1983.

Specimen examined. CHINA, Yunnan, Jinghong, Chrysopogon aciculatus, 24 Sept. 1985, T. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 522.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801586

Basionym. Sporisorium andropogonis-chinensis Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 5. 2006.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801587

Basionym. Sporisorium andropogonis-eucomi Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 5. 2006.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga Prov., 9 km NE of Graskop, 1 km along road R534, Andropogon eucomus, 22 Jan. 1997, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 47128, isotype.

(Maubl.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801588

Basionym. Ustilago andropogonis-finitimi Maubl., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 22: 74. 1906.

≡ Sporisorium andropogonis-finitimi (Maubl.) Vánky & Mouch., Mycol. Res. 104: 382. 2000.

Specimens examined. ZAMBIA, Southern Province, 22 km NE of Pemba, Hyparrhenia filipendula, 12 Apr. 2001, C., T. & K. Vánky, BRIP 39626; Southern Province, 10 km NW of Monze, Hyparrhenia filipendula, 15 Apr. 2001, C., T. & K. Vánky, BRIP 39634.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801749

Basionym. Sporisorium andropogonis-gabonensis Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 7. 2006, nom. nov. for Sorosporium congoense L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 186. 1953 (not Sporisorium congoense (Syd. & P. Syd.) Vánky).

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801589

Basionym. Sporisorium andropogonis-pumili Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 7. 2006.

(Cobb) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801590

Basionym. Tolyposporium anthistiriae Cobb, Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 3: 1006. 1892.

≡ Sorosporium anthistiriae (Cobb) L. Ling, Mycol. Pap. 11: 9. 1945.

≡ Sporisorium anthistiriae (Cobb) Vánky, Acta Mycol. Sin., Suppl. I: 230. 1987.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, between Wyndham and Kununurra, Themeda triandra, 13 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, M.J. Ryley & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49775. – CHINA Beijing, Botanical Garden, Themeda triandra, 8 Oct. 1985, L. Guo & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 579.

(Vánky & R.G. Shivas) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801591

Basionym. Sporisorium anthracoideisporum Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Mycotaxon 68: 335. 1998.

Specimen examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Western Province, Bensbach River, Pseudoraphis spinescens, 13 Apr. 1997, A.A. Mitchell & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 39176, isotype.

(Mishra) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801592

Basionym. Sorosporium apludae Mishra, Mycologia 48: 875. 1956 (not Sporisorium apludae (Syd. & P. Syd.) L. Guo, Mycosystema 3: 76. 1990).

≡ Sporisorium mishrae Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 135. 1997, nom. nov.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Karnataka, Belgaum, Apluda mutica, 16 June 1995, Sharma, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 967.

(B.V. Patil & Thirum.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801593

Basionym. Sorosporium apludae-aristatae B.V. Patil & Thirum., Sydowia 20: 48. 1968.

≡ Sporisorium apludae-aristatae (B.V. Patil & Thirum.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 135. 1997.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, Apluda mutica, 7 Oct. 1992, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 916.

(A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801594

Basionym. Sorosporium apludae-muticae A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 839. 2004 (not Sporisorium apludae-muticae L. Guo, Mycotaxon 72: 390. 1999).

≡ Sporisorium muticae Vánky & A.R. Patil, in Vánky, Mycotaxon 99: 47. 2007, nom. nov.

(Mundk.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801595

Basionym. Sorosporium azmatii Mundk., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 23: 115. 1939.

≡ Sporisorium azmatii (Mundk.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 18: 180. 2005.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Karnataka, Mysore, Bilikere, Chrysopogon caeruleus, 19 Sept. 1903, C.A. Barber, BRIP 8052, isotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801596

Basionym. Sporisorium berndtii Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 37. 2003.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng District, Mae Ngad Dam, Schizachyrium sanguineum, 19 Dec. 2007, P. Athipunyakom, S. Likhitekaraj, V.L. Challinor, A.R. McTaggart, T.S. Marney, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51559.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801597

Basionym. Sporisorium blakeanum Vánky, Mycotaxon 89: 74. 2004.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, N of Hughenden, Poison Creek, Schizachyrium fragile, 10 Apr. 1935, S.T. Blake, BRIP 7804, holotype.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801598

Basionym. Sorosporium bothriochloae L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 186. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium bothriochloae (L. Ling) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 15: 229. 2004.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, on Stuart Highway, 209 km SE of Katherine, Dichanthium fecundum, 14 Mar. 2000, R.G. Shivas, I.T. Riley, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1196; Western Australia, between Wyndham and Kununurra, Dichanthium sericeum, 8 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51819.

(Pat.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801599

Basionym. Sorosporium caledonicum Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 3: 173. 1887.

≡ Sporisorium caledonicum (Pat.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 40: 165. 1991.

= Sorosporium heteropogonis-contorti Bacc., Ann. Bot. (Rome) 14: 132. 1917.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Timber Creek, Policeman’s Lookout, Heteropogon contortus, 10 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51854. – INDIA, Utter Pradesh, Tehri, Garwal Himalaya Mt, Heteropogon contortus, 17 Sept. 1992, T. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1053.

(Lagerh.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801600

Basionym. Ustilago cenchri Lagerh., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 62. 1895.

= Tolyposporium cenchri Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 12: 156. 1895.

= Sorosporium cenchri Henn., Hedwigia 35: 221. 1896.

≡ Sporisorium cenchri (Berf.) Zundel, Bothalia 3: 303. 1938.

≡ Sporisorium cenchri (Lagerh.) Vánky, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 24: 114. 1985.

= Sorosporium cenchri Henn. var. levis Vörös & Ubrizsy, Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 3: 269. 1968.

= Sorosporium chardonianum Zundel, Mycologia 34: 125. 1942.

= Sorosporium texanum Zundel, Mycologia 36: 409. 1944.

Specimen examined. MEXICO, 56 km NE of Durango, Cenchrus pauciflorus, 18 Nov. 2003, T. & K. Vánky, BRIP 45311: Vánky Ust. exs. no. 1214.

(Vánky & R.G. Shivas) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801601

Basionym. Sporisorium cenchri-elymoidis Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Mycotaxon 81: 392. 2002.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Corneille Island, Cenchrus elymoides var. brevisetosus, 18 May 1998, A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 26491, holotype; Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, Surveyor’s Pool, Cenchrus elymoides var. brevisetosus, 12 May 2009, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, M.J. Ryley, C.F. Gambley, T. Scharaschkin, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 52532.

(A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801602

Basionym. Sporisorium chrysopogonicola A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 779. 2004.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801603

Basionym. Sporisorium chrysopogonis Vánky Mycotaxon 18: 327. 1983.

(A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801606

Basionym. Sorosporium chrysopogonis-fulvi A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 839. 2004 (as ‘chrysopogonis-fulviis’).

≡ Sporisorium chrysopogonis-fulvi (A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) Vánky & A.R. Patil, Mycotaxon 99: 50. 2007.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801607

Basionym. Sporisorium compactum Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 23. 2003.

(Massee) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801608

Basionym. Ustilago confusa Massee, in Cooke, Grevillea 20: 65. 1892.

≡ Sporisorium shivasii Vánky, Mycotaxon 89: 104. 2004, nom. nov.

= Sorosporium chamaeraphis Syd., in Sydow & Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 26: 431. 1928.

≡ Sporisorium chamaeraphis (Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 68: 330. 1998.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Daly River, Fish Lagoon, Pseudoraphis spinescens, 12 Sept. 1996, I.G. Pascoe, BRIP 26795.

(Syd. & P. Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801609

Basionym. Ustilago congensis Syd. & P. Syd., in Wildeman, Études sur la flore du Baset Moyen-Congo 3: 9. 1909.

≡ Sphacelotheca congensis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Wakef., Mycologia 22: 140. 1930.

≡ Sporisorium congense (Syd. & P. Syd.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 12: 186. 2003.

Specimen examined. UGANDA, Wakiso, Entebbe, Zizka Forest, Hyparrhenia diplandra, 15 Feb. 2002, M. Namaganda, T., C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1179.

(Griffiths) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801610

Basionym. Sorosporium contortum Griffiths, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 83. 1904.

≡ Sporisorium contortum (Griffiths) Vánky, Mycotaxon 40: 165. 1991.

(McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801612

Basionym. Ustilago crypta McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 32: 42. 1897.

≡ Sorosporium cryptum (McAlpine) McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 176. 1910.

≡ Sporisorium cryptum (McAlpine) Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 173. 2000.

= Sorosporium turneri McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 185. 1910.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, c. 100 km SW of Mareeba, Brachiaria holosericea, 3 Mar. 2000, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1185; Western Australia, Drysdale River, Kalumburu Rd., Yakirra sp., 12 May 2009, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, M.J. Ryley, C.F. Gambley, T. Scharaschkin, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 52536.

(Cooke & Massee) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801611

Basionym. Cintractia cryptica Cooke & Massee, in Cooke, Grevillea 18: 34. 1889.

≡ Sorosporium crypticum (Cooke & Massee) L. Ling, Sydowia 3: 131. 1949.

≡ Sporisorium crypticum (Cooke & Massee) Vánky & M.S. Patil, Mycotaxon 74: 183. 2000.

(Mundk.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801613

Basionym. Tolyposporium cymbopogonis Mundk., Indian J. Agric. Sci. 14: 51. 1944.

≡ Sorosporium cymbopogonis (Mundk.) Thirum. & Neerg., Friesia 11: 183. 1978.

≡ Sporisorium cymbopogonis (Mundk.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 25. 2003.

= Tolyposporium christensenii Ragunath, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 34: 120. 1968.

Specimen examined. INDONESIA, Bali, Lake Batur, c. 2 km SW of Hot Springs, Cymbopogon flexuosus, 4 Apr. 1992, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 39635.

(R.G. Shivas & Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801614

Basionym. Sporisorium cymbopogonis-bombycini R.G. Shivas & Vánky, Mycol. Balcan. 1: 163. 2004.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Wyndham, Cymbopogon bombycinus, 3 Mar. 1989, R.G. Shivas, BRIP 26809, holotype; Western Australia, Mt Hart Wilderness Lodge, Cymbopogon bombycinus, 14 May 2009, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, M.J. Ryley, C.F. Gambley, T. Scharaschkin, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 52511.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801615

Basionym. Sorosporium cymbopogonis-distantis L. Ling, Farlowia 4: 341. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium cymbopogonis-distantis (L. Ling) L. Guo, Mycosystema 17: 1. 1998.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801616

Basionym. Sorosporium cynodontis L. Ling, Sydowia 3: 131. 1949.

≡ Sporisorium cynodontis (L. Ling) R.G. Shivas & Vánky, Fung. Diversity 8: 150. 2001.

Notes — Anthracocystis cynodontis is one of five known Anthracocystis species that has a chloridoid grass host. The majority of Anthracocystis taxa infect andropogonoid grasses.

(Har. & Pat.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801617

Basionym. Tolyposporium decorsei Har. & Pat., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 15: 197. 1909.

≡ Sorosporium decorsei (Har. & Pat.) L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 187. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium decorsei (Har. & Pat.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 160. 1997.

(Bacc.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801618

Basionym. Sorosporium dembianense Bacc., Ann. Bot. (Rome) 14: 132. 1917.

≡ Sporisorium dembianense (Bacc.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 12: 187. 2003.

Specimens examined. ETHIOPIA, Gojam Region, 24 km NE of Bahar Dahr, Hyparrhenia hirta, 23 Oct. 2004, T. & K. Vánky, BRIP 47130. – SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga, 2 km E of Waterfall-Bowen, Hyparrhenia filipendula, 20 Dec. 2002, A. Witt, R.G. Shivas & K. Vánky, BRIP 39657. – ZAMBIA, Eastern Province, 230 km NE of Lusaka, Hyparrhenia filipendula, 18 Apr. 2001, T., C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 39689. – ZIMBABWE, North Province, Matabeland, Victoria Falls, Hyparrhenia tamba, 2 Dec. 1999, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 39649.

Notes — Anthracocystis dembianensis possesses several synapomorphic characters of Anthracocystis, namely permanent spore balls, dimorphic spores and absence of sterile cells. The columella is described by Vánky (2003a) as flagelliform, often with a shortly bi- or trifurcate apex. Examination of four specimens of A. dembianensis confirmed that the columella is flagelliform. It is woody at the base of the sorus and tapers into a flattened, filiform apex.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB519163

Basionym. Sorosporium densiflorum L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 188. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium densiflorum (L. Ling) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 27. 2003.

(Schltdl.) Bref. — MycoBank MB431380

Basionym. Caeoma destruens Schltdl., Fl. Berol. 2: 130. 1824.

≡ Uredo destruens (Schltdl.) Duby, Bot. Gall. 2: 901, 1830.

≡ Tilletia destruens (Schltdl.) Lév., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 8: 372, 1847.

≡ Ustilago destruens (Schltdl.) Rabenh., Herb. Vivum Mycol., ed. 2, no. 400. 1857.

≡ Sphacelotheca destruens (Schltdl.) J.A. Stev. & Aar.G. Johnson, Phytopathology 34: 613. 1944.

≡ Sporisorium destruens (Schltdl.) Vánky, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 24, 2: 115. 1985.

= Uredo segetum Pers. δ Uredo panici-miliacei Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. 1: 224. 1801.

≡ Uredo carbo Uredo carbo δ panici-miliacei (Pers.) DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 6: 76. 1815.

≡ Erysibe panicorum β panici-miliacei (Pers.) Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 2: 216. 1833.

≡ Ustilago panici-miliacei (Pers.) G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2, 1: 89. 1881.

≡ Sorosporium panici-miliacei (Pers.) Takah., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 184, 247. 1902.

≡ Sphacelotheca panici-miliacei (Pers.) Bubák, Houby Ceské 2: 27. 1912.

= Sorosporium manchuricum S. Ito, Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 93. 1935.

≡ Sphacelotheca panici-miliacei (Pers.) Bubák var. manchurica (S. Ito) Lavrov, Trudy Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kujbyseva, ser. biol. 104: 32, 1948.

≡ Sphacelotheca manchurica (S. Ito) Y.C. Wang, Acta Bot. Sin. 10: 134. 1962.

= Sphacelotheca lioui W.Y. Yen, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 4: 193. 1937.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Dalby, Panicum miliaceum, 8 Apr. 1958, T. McKnight, BRIP 8221. – ROMANIA, Dobrogea, delta Danubii, pr. brachium Sf. Gheorghe, Panicum miliaceum, 19 Sept. 1982, G.A. Negrean, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 472.

Notes — There are a few sterile cells reported in Anthracocystis destruens (Vánky 1994a). These are most likely remnants of non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Vánky & N.D. Sharma) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801620

Basionym. Sporisorium dichanthii Vánky & N.D. Sharma, Fung. Diversity 15: 230. 2004.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, 200 km SW of Pachmarhi, Dichanthium aristatum, 30 Oct. 1992, R. Sharma, S. Raich, BRIP 51777, HUV 20263, isotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801619

Basionym. Ustilago duranii Vánky Mycotaxon 89: 77. 2004.

≡ Sporisorium duranii (Vánky) Vánky & Cunningt., in Cunnington, Vánky & Shivas, Mycol. Balcan. 2: 96. 2005.

≡ Lundquistia duranii (Vánky) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 17: 165. 2004.

(J.G. Kühn) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801621

Basionym. Sorosporium ehrenbergii J.G. Kühn, Mitth. Vereins. Erdk. Halle: 87. 1877.

≡ Tolyposporium ehrenbergii (J.G. Kühn) Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 19: 254. 1903.

≡ Sporisorium ehrenbergii (J.G. Kühn) Vánky, Mycotaxon 38: 270. 1990.

= Tolyposporium filiferum Busse, Arbeiten Biol. Abt. Landw.-Forstw. Kaiserl. Gesundheit. 4: 383. 1905.

≡ Sorosporium filiferum (Busse) Zundel, Mycologia 22: 148. 1930.

= Sorosporium andropogonis-sorghi S. Ito, Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 93. 1935.

(Henn. & Pole-Evans) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801622

Basionym. Ustilago elionuri Henn. & Pole-Evans, in Hennings, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 270. 1908.

≡ Sphacelotheca elionuri (Henn. & Pole-Evans) Vienn.-Bourg., nom. herb.?.

≡ Sporisorium elionuri (Henn. & Pole-Evans) Vánky, Mycotaxon 73: 155. 1999.

= Ustilago elionuri Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 12: 288. 1909

≡ Ustilago elionuri-candidi Speg., in Saccardo & Trotter, in Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 21: 501. 1912, nom. nov. pro U. elionuri Speg.

≡ Sphacelotheca elionuri-candidi (Speg.) Hirschh., Ustil. Fl. Argent.: 119. 1986.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Eastern Cape, Lady Grey, Elionurus muticus, 21 July 1996, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1019.

(McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801623

Basionym. Ustilago enteromorpha McAlpine, Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 7: 154. 1896.

≡ Sorosporium enteromorphum (McAlpine) McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 177. 1910.

≡ Sporisorium enteromorphum (McAlpine) Vánky, Mycotaxon 51: 161. 1994.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Carnarvon National Park, Carnarvon Gorge, Themeda triandra, 28 June 2010, R.G. Shivas, BRIP 53624. – SOUTH AFRICA, KwaZulu-Natal, Drakensberg Mountains, Themeda triandra, 3 Jan. 1997, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1020.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. enteromorpha (Vánky 1994b), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae. McAlpine (1910) did not record sterile cells in the type description.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801624

Basionym. Sporisorium eriochloae Vánky Mycotaxon 74: 174. 2000.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801625

Basionym. Sorosporium eulaliae L. Ling, Sydowia 7: 155. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium eulaliae (L. Ling) Vánky, Mycotaxon 62: 137. 1997.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Pindi Pindi, Eulalia trispicata, 21 Aug. 1941, R.F.N. Langdon, BRIP 7929, isotype.

(Ellis & Galloway) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801626

Basionym. Sorosporium everhartii Ellis & Galloway, J. Mycol. 6: 32. 1890.

≡ Tolyposporium everhartii (Ellis & Galloway) Dietel, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. I, 1: 14. 1897.

≡ Sporisorium everhartii (Ellis & Galloway) M. Piepenbr., Mycol. Res. 103: 462. 1999.

(R.G. Shivas & Cunningt.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801627

Basionym. Sporisorium fallax R.G. Shivas & Cunningt., Fung. Diversity 16: 149. 2004.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, 268 km SE of Katherine, Chrysopogon fallax, 15 Mar. 2000, R.G. Shivas, I.T. Riley, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 27687, holotype.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801628

Basionym. Ustilago filiformis Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 254. 1901 (not Ustilago filiformis (Schrank) Rostr., Festskr. Bot. Foren. 54: 136. 1890).

≡ Sorosporium filiforme (Henn.) Zundel (as ‘filiformis’), Mycologia 22: 153. 1930.

≡ Sporisorium filiforme (Henn.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 180. 2000.

(Sawada) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801629

Basionym. Ustilago formosana Sawada, J. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc. 34: 6. 1918 (in Japanese, n.v.); in Tanaka, Mycologia 14: 89. 1922.

≡ Sorosporium formosanum (Sawada) Sawada, Descriptive catalogue of the Formosan fungi 4: 29. 1928.

≡ Sporisorium formosanum (Sawada) Vánky, Publ. Herb. Univ. Uppsala 11: 12. 1983.

= Ustilago digitariae Rabenh. forma panici-repentis J.G. Kühn, Hedwigia 15: 5. 1876, nom. conf., comp. Vánky 1990: 274.

= Sorosporium panici Beeli, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 8: 7. 1922 (not Sorosporium panici E. MacKinnon, J. Proc. Roy. Soc. New S.Wales 45: 201. 1912).

= Sorosporium panici Beeli var. kinshasaensis Beeli, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 8: 8. 1922.

≡ Sorosporium kinshasaensis (Beeli) Zundel, Mycologia 29: 590. 1937.

≡ Sorosporium beelii Zundel, Bothalia 3: 307. 1938.

≡ Sorosporium beelii Zundel var. kinshasaensis (Beeli) Hendr., Publ. Inst. Natl. Etude Agron. Congo Belge, Ser. Sci. 35: 8. 1948.

= Ustilago amadelpha Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler var. glabriuscula Cif., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 40: 255. 1933.

= Ustilago overeemii Cif. (as ‘overeeimi’), Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 40: 254. 1933.

≡ Sorosporium overeemii (Cif.) Malençon, Rev. Mycol. (Paris), n.s. 10: 121. 1945.

≡ Sporisorium overeemii (Cif.) Rifai, Reinwardtia 9: 400. 1980.

= Sorosporium punctatum Malençon & W.Y. Yen, Rev. Mycol. (Paris), n.s. 2: 130. 1937.

= Sorosporium trichophorum (Tul. & C. Tul.) Zundel, Mycologia 31: 583. 1939.

Specimen examined. TAIWAN, Taichung, University campus, Panicum repens, 12 July 1988, F. Oberwinkler, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 688.

(Vánky & C. Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801630

Basionym. Sporisorium gayanum Vánky & C. Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 205. 2000.

Specimen examined. ZIMBABWE, North Province, Matabeleland, 12 km north of Lusulu, Andropogon gayanus, 16 Mar. 1999, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 27435, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1064, isotype.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. gayana (Vánky 2000), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Zundel) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov.— MycoBank MB801631

Basionym. Sorosporium glutinosum Zundel, Mycologia 36: 407. 1944.

≡ Sporisorium glutinosum (Zundel) Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 180. 2000.

= Tolyposporium andropogonis Patel & N.B. Kulk., Indian Phytopathol. 4: 65. 1951.

≡ Sorosporium andropogonis (Patel & N.B. Kulk.) Thirum. & Neerg., Friesia 11: 182. 1978.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Lakeland, 16 km from Lakeland to Cooktown Road, Heteropogon triticeus, 24 Mar. 2005, T.S. Marney & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 46153.

(Speg.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801632

Basionym. Ustilago guaranitica Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 17: 87. 1884.

≡ Sphacelotheca guaranitica (Speg.) Zundel, Mycologia 22: 135. 1930.

≡ Sorosporium guaraniticum (Speg.) L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 190. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium guaraniticum (Speg.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 35: 155. 1989.

Specimen examined. ECUADOR, Pichincha, Quito, 30 km E of inter pagg. Pifo et Yaruqui, Schizachyrium condensatum, 21 Mar. 1993, H. Bauch, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1168.

(Mundk. & Thirum.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801633

Basionym. Sorosporium heteropogonicola Mundk. & Thirum., Mycol. Pap. 40: 5. 1951.

≡ Sporisorium heteropogonicola (Mundk. & Thirum.) Vánky, Mycol. Res. 101: 839. 1997.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, between Wyndham and Kununurra, Heteropogon contortus, 8 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51822. – INDIA, Nainital, Utter Pradesh, Heteropogon contortus, 7 Sept. 1992, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 919.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. heteropogonicola (Shivas & Vánky 1997), which were most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Zundel) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801634

Basionym. Sorosporium hodsonii Zundel, Mycologia 22: 152. 1930.

≡ Sporisorium hodsonii (Zundel) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 225. 2005.

= Sorosporium harrismithense Zundel, Mycologia 22: 154. 1930.

= Sorosporium flanaganianum Zundel, Mycologia 22: 155. 1930.

= Ustilago versatilis Syd., Ann. Mycol. 33: 231. 1935.

≡ Sorosporium versatile (Syd.) Zundel, Bothalia 3: 308. 1938.

= Sorosporium afrum Syd., Ann. Mycol. 33: 232. 1935.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo, Naboomspruit, 20 km S of Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Panicum schinzii, 15 Mar. 1998, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1236.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. Vánky (2005) included sterile cells as sparse or absent in his description of A. hodsonii.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801635

Basionym. Sorosporium holstii Henn., in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 49. 1895.

≡ Sporisorium holstii (Henn.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 51: 162. 1994.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Themeda triandra, 20 Dec. 2005, R.G. Shivas, P. Athipunyakom, BRIP 47758.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801636

Basionym. Sporisorium horsfallii Vánky, Mycotaxon 78: 297. 2001.

(Vánky & C. Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801637

Basionym. Sporisorium hwangense Vánky & C. Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 194. 2000.

Specimen examined. ZIMBABWE, Matabeleland North, Hwange National Park, Main Camp, Sedina Waterhole, Sporobolus panicoides, 6 Mar. 1999, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1059, isotype.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. hwangensis (Vánky 2000), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae. Anthracocystis hwangensis on Sporobolus is one of five known Anthracocystis species that have a chloridoid grass as host. The majority of Anthracocystis taxa infect andropogonoid grasses.

(A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801638

Basionym. Sporisorium ischaemianum A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 783. 2004.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801639

Basionym. Ustilago ischaemoides Henn., in Wildeman, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 86. 1907.

≡ Sorosporium ischaemoides (Henn.) Zundel, Mycologia 29: 587. 1937.

≡ Sporisorium ischaemoides (Henn.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 12: 188. 2003.

= Sorosporium wildemanianum Henn., in Wildeman, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. Sér. 5, 2: 87. 1907.

= Sorosporium austroafricanum Zundel (as ‘austroafricanum’), Mycologia 22: 147. 1930.

= Sorosporium hansfordii Ainsw., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153: 93. 1941.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape, Gordon’s Bay, 10 km S of Somerset West, Hyparrhenia anamesa, 3 Dec. 1996, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1162.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801640

Basionym. Sporisorium langdonii Vánky Mycotaxon 51: 156.1994.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Dalby, Themeda avenacea, 27 May 1941, R.F.N. Langdon, BRIP 7865, holotype.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. langdonii (Vánky 1994b), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Mishra) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801641

Basionym. Sorosporium leersiae Mishra, Mycologia 48: 876. 1956.

≡ Sporisorium leersiae-hexandrae Vánky Mycotaxon 89: 103. 2004, nom. nov.

= Sporisorium leersiae Bag & D.K. Agarwal, Indian Phytopathol. 54: 221. 2001.

Notes — Leersia is a member of the grass tribe Oryzeae in subfam. Ehrhartoideae (Stevens 2001). Anthracocystis leersiae is the only known species to occur on a grass in this subfamily.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801642

Basionym. Ustilago leucostachys Henn., in Pazschke, Hedwigia 35: 50. 1896.

≡ Sphacelotheca leucostachys (Henn.) Zundel, Mycologia 22: 144. 1930.

≡ Sporisorium leucostachys (Henn.) M. Piepenbr., Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 86: 110. 2003.

(R.G. Shivas, Athip. & McTaggart) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801643

Basionym. Sporisorium likhitekarajae R.G. Shivas, Athip. & McTaggart, Mycol. Balcan. 5: 103. 2008.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Nakhon Phanom, 31 km west of Sri Songkram, Ischaemum sp., 12 Dec. 2007, P. Athipunyakom, S. Likhitekaraj, V.L. Challinor, T.S. Marney, A.R. McTaggart, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51521, holotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801644

Basionym. Sporisorium livingstoneanum Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 17. 2006.

Specimen examined. ZAMBIA, Southern Province, 10 km N of Livingstone, Andropogon gayanus, 14 Apr. 2001, T., C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 47134, isotype.

(Thirum. & Pavgi) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801645

Basionym. Sorosporium lophopogonis Thirum. & Pavgi, Sydowia 20: 23. 1968.

≡ Sporisorium lophopogonis (Thirum. & Pavgi) Vánky, Mycotaxon 48: 40. 1993.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Maharashtra, Pune, Lophopogon tridentatus, 18 Oct. 1992, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 921.

(Vánky & C. Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801646

Basionym. Sporisorium loudetiae-pedicellatae Vánky & C. Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 165. 1997.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801647

Basionym. Sorosporium loudetiae-superbae L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 190. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium loudetiae-superbae (L. Ling) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 162. 1997.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801648

Basionym. Sorosporium maranguense Henn. (as ‘maranguensis’), in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 49. 1895.

≡ Sporisorium maranguense (Henn.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 12: 193. 2003.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801649

Basionym. Sporisorium masseeanum Vánky Australas. Pl. Pathol. 29:160. 2000.

(Vánky & T. Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801650

Basionym. Sporisorium megaloprotachnes Vánky & T. Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 389. 2002.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801651

Basionym. Lundquistia mexicana Vánky, Fung. Diversity 17: 161. 2004.

≡ Sporisorium mexicanum (Vánky) Vánky & Cunningt., Mycol. Balcan. 2: 98. 2005.

Notes — Vánky (2004) described A. mexicana with sterile cells mixed within the sorus. Sterile cells derived from partitioning hyphae are an apomorphic character of Sporisorium. Anthracocystis mexicana was sister to all other taxa in Anthracocystis. Whether these are true sterile cells that were lost subsequently in Anthracocystis or sterile cells present in spore balls is unknown.

(Massee) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801652

Basionym. Tilletia mixta Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1899: 145. 1899.

≡ Sorosporium mixtum (Massee) McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 178. 1910.

≡ Sporisorium mixtum (Massee) Vánky, Mycotaxon 56: 214. 1995.

= Sorosporium eriochloae Griffiths, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 84. 1904.

(Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801653

Basionym. Sphacelotheca mutabilis Syd., Ann. Mycol. 35: 24. 1937.

≡ Sorosporium mutabile (Syd.) L. Ling, Lloydia 14: 107. 1951.

≡ Sporisorium mutabile (Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 29. 2003.

= Sorosporium cantonense Zundel, Mycologia 31: 584. 1939.

≡ Sporisorium cantonense (Zundel) L. Guo, Mycosystema 17: 1. 1998.

= Sorosporium terrareginalense Zundel, Mycologia 36: 409. 1944.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Morowa, Cymbopogon bombycinus, 26 Sept. 1993, R.J. Cranfield, BRIP 28994; New South Wales, 11 km N of Coonabarabran, Cymbopogon refractus, 16 Apr. 2004, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 44111.

(Hirschh.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801654

Basionym. Sorosporium myosuroidis Hirschh., Revista Mus. La Plata, n.s., Bot. 3: 343. 1941.

≡ Sporisorium myosuroidis (Hirschh.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 396. 2002.

(Syd. & P. Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801655

Basionym. Ustilago nardi Syd. & P. Syd., in H. & P. Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 4: 425. 1906.

≡ Sphacelotheca nardi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Zundel, Mycologia 22: 137. 1930.

≡ Sorosporium nardi (Syd. & P. Syd.) L. Ling, Sydowia 5: 47. 1951.

≡ Sporisorium nardi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 30. 2003.

(R.G. Shivas & Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801656

Basionym. Sporisorium normanense R.G. Shivas & Vánky (as ‘normanensis’), Fung. Diversity 8: 150. 2001.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Normanton, 18 km SSE of Norman River Bridge, Cynodon dactylon, 10 July 1999, R.G. Shivas, M. Gunther, BRIP 25751, holotype.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. normanensis (Shivas & Vánky 2001), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae. Anthracocystis normanensis on Cynodon is one of five known Anthracocystis species that has a chloridoid grass species as host. The majority of Anthracocystis taxa infect andropogonoid grasses.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801657

Basionym. Sorosporium nyasalandicum L. Ling, Sydowia 7: 156. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium nyasalandicum (L. Ling) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 226. 2005.

(Vánky, C. Vánky & R.G. Shivas) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov.— MycoBank MB801658

Basionym. Sporisorium operculatum Vánky, C. Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Fung. Diversity 7: 154. 2001.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Chillagoe, Mnesithea formosa, 4 Mar. 2000, K. & C. Vánky, BRIP 27015, holotype.

(Griffiths) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801659

Basionym. Sorosporium ovarium Griffiths, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 209. 1907.

≡ Sporisorium ovarium (Griffiths) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 138. 1997.

= Sphacelotheca diplospora (Ellis & Everh.) Clinton var. verruculosa Clinton, N. Amer. Fl. 7: 27. 1906.

= Ustilago verecunda Syd., Ann. Mycol. 33: 231. 1935.

≡ Sorosporium verecundum (Syd.) Zundel, Bothalia 3: 304. 1938.

= Sorosporium brachiariae J.C.F. Hopkins, Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 35: 126. 1938.

= Sorosporium brachiariae-ramosae T.S. Ramakr., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 35: 113. 1952.

= Ustilago urochloana Zundel, Mycologia 35: 166. 1943.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Alice Springs, 393 km N of Devils Marbles, Brachiaria piligera, 15 Mar. 2000, R.G. Shivas, I.T. Riley, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1184.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801661

Basionym. Sporisorium panici-fasciculati Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 229. 2005.

(Bref.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801662

Basionym. Ustilago panici-leucophaei Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. 12: 114. 1895.

≡ Sphacelotheca panici-leucophaei (Bref.) Clinton, N. Amer. Fl. 7: 28. 1906.

≡ Sporisorium panici-leucophaei(Bref.) M. Piepenbr., Mycol. Res. 103: 465. 1999.

≡ Lundquistia panici-leucophaei (Bref.) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 17: 167. 2004.

= Ustilago insularis Henn., in Pazschke, Hedwigia 35: 51. 1896.

= Ustilago bonariensis Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 12: 287. 1909.

≡ Sphacelotheca bonariensis (Speg.) Cif., Ann. Mycol. 29: 56. 1931.

≡ Sorosporium bonariense (Speg.) Zundel (as ‘bonariensis’), Ustil. World: 54. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium bonariense (Speg.) Vánky, nom. herb.

= Sphacelotheca viegasiana Zundel, Mycologia 31: 588. 1939.

= Sorosporium lindmanii Zundel, Mycologia 35: 173. 1943.

= Ustilago garcesii Zundel (as ‘garcesi’), Mycologia 37: 372. 1945.

= Lundquistia fascicularis Vánky, Mycotaxon 77: 373. 2001.

≡ Sporisorium fasciculare (Vánky) M. Stoll, Begerow & Oberw. (as ‘fascicularis’), Mycol. Res. 109: 354. 2005.

Specimens examined. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, 115 km NNW of Buenos Aires, Panicum elephantipes, 29 Nov. 1999, K. & C. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no.1117 (BRIP 28944). – AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, 11 km N of Coonabarabran, Digitaria breviglumis, 16 Apr. 2004, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 44110.

(Syd. & P. Syd) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801663

Basionym. Ustilago panici-petrosi Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 14: 73. 1916.

≡ Sporisorium panici-petrosi (Syd. & P. Syd.) M. Piepenbr., Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 86: 122. 2003.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801660

Basionym. Sporisorium panicicola Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 229. 2005.

Specimen examined. REUNION, St Benoit, 14 km SW of Lacus Le Grand Etang, Panicum coloratum, 2 Dec. 1994, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1238, isotype.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. panicicola (Vánky 2005), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(R.G. Shivas & Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801664

Basionym. Sporisorium paraneurachnis R.G. Shivas & Vánky (as ‘paraneurachnes’), Mycol. Res. 101: 836. 1997.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Paraneurachne muelleri, 27 June 1996, A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 26804.

(Hirschh.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801665

Basionym. Ustilago parodii Hirschh., Darwiniana 3: 404. 1939.

≡ Sporisorium parodii (Hirschh.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 59. 2003.

Notes — Anthracocystis parodii on Muhlenbergia is one of five known Anthracocystis species that infect a chloridoid grass. The majority of Anthracocystis taxa infect andropogonoid grasses.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801666

Basionym. Ustilago paspali-thunbergii Henn., Hedwigia 43: 140. 1904.

≡ Sorosporium paspali-thunbergii (Henn.) S. Ito, Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 94. 1935.

≡ Sporisorium paspali-thunbergii (Henn.) Vánky, Publ. Herb. Ustilag. Vánky (HUV) 3: 9. 1986.

= Sorosporium paspali McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 180. 1910.

= Sorosporium paspali McAlpine var. verrucosum Thirum. & Pavgi, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 7: 283. 1956.

Specimen examined. CHINA, Yunnan, Mamushu, Paspalum scrobiculatum, 22 Sept. 1985, L. Guo & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 526.

(Rabenh.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801667

Basionym. Ustilago penniseti Rabenh., Hedwigia 10: 18. 1871.

≡ Sphacelotheca penniseti (Rabenh.) Reichert, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 56: 679. 1921.

= Sorosporium penniseti Mundk., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 23: 116. 1939.

≡ Sporisorium penniseti (Rabenh.) Ershad, Iran. J. Pl. Pathol. 30: 18. 1994.

= Ustilago penniseti Rabenh. var. verruculosa Massenot, Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 34: 217. 1969.

= Ustilago pappiana Bacc., Ann. Bot. (Rome) 4: 272. 1906.

≡ Sorosporium pappianum (Bacc.) L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 192. 1953.

= Sorosporium catharticum Maire, Trav. Cryptog. Ded. L. Mangin: 359. 1931.

≡ Sporisorium catharticum (Maire) Vánky, Mycotaxon 35: 155. 1989.

= Sphacelotheca panjabensis Syd., in Sydow & Ahmad, Ann. Mycol. 37: 442. 1939.

≡ Ustilago panjabensis (Syd.) L. Ling, Sydowia 4: 76. 1950.

= Sphacelotheca stewartii Mundk., Mycologia 36: 290. 1944.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Breeding, Guest House, Cenchrus ciliaris, 4 Jan. 2010, R.G. & M.D.E. Shivas, BRIP 53217.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801668

Basionym. Sporisorium penniseticola Vánky, Mycol. Balcan. 2: 92. 2005.

Specimen examined. ETHIOPIA, Arsi, 11 km south of Asela, Pennisetum sphacelatum, 4 Nov. 2004, T. & K. Vánky, BRIP 47137, paratype.

(S. Ahmad) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801669

Basionym. Sphacelotheca pennisetina S. Ahmad, Mycol. Pap. 64: 7. 1956.

≡ Sporisorium pennisetinum (S. Ahmad) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 13. 2003.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. pennisetina (Vánky 2003b), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Magnus) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801670

Basionym. Sorosporium polliniae Magnus (as ‘Sorisporium’), Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 50: 433. 1900.

≡ Sporisorium polliniae (Magnus) Vánky, Mycotaxon 18: 331. 1983.

Specimen examined. GREECE, Rhodos, Andropogon distachyos L., 14 Apr. 1988, H.W. & I. Scholz, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 690.

(Massee) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801671

Basionym. Ustilago polytriadis Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 224. 1911.

≡ Sphacelotheca polytriadis (Massee) L. Ling, Sydowia 3: 127. 1949.

≡ Sporisorium polytriadis (Massee) Rifai, Bul. Kebun Raya 7: 28. 1990.

≡ Sporisorium polytriadis (Massee) Vánky (comb. superfl.), Mycotaxon 62: 136. 1997.

(Ellis & Galloway) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801672

Basionym. Sorosporium ellisii G. Winter var. provinciale Ellis & Galloway, J. Mycol. 6: 31. 1890.

≡ Sorosporium provinciale (Ellis & Galloway) Clinton, J. Mycol. 8: 145. 1902.

≡ Sporisorium provinciale (Ellis & Galloway) Vánky & Snets., Mycotaxon 38: 271. 1990.

Specimen examined. USA, Iowa, Ledges State Park, Boone Co., Andropogon gerardi, 23 June 1989, K.M. Snetselaar, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 759.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. provincialis (Vánky 1990), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801750

Basionym. Sorosporium pseudanthistiriae Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler, Ann. Mycol. 10: 254. 1912.

≡ Sporisorium pseudanthistiriae (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Vánky, Mycotaxon 62: 145. 1997.

= Sorosporium pseudanthistiriae-umbellatae A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 841. 2004.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Maharashtra, Kolhapur, Shivaji University, Pseudanthistiria hispida, 16 Nov. 1995, Sharma & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 969.

(Zundel) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801673

Basionym. Sorosporium pseudomaranguense Zundel, Bothalia 3: 309. 1938.

≡ Sporisorium pseudomaranguense (Zundel) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 263. 2005.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. pseudomaranguensis (Vánky 2005), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801674

Basionym. Sporisorium pseudoraphis Vánky, Mycotaxon 68: 331. 1998.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. pseudoraphis (Vánky 1998), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801675

Basionym. Sphacelotheca rhytachnes Syd., Ann. Mycol. 37: 201. 1939.

≡ Sporisorium rhytachnes (Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 171. 2000.

(Vánky & N.D. Sharma) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801676

Basionym. Sporisorium rubyanum Vánky & N.D. Sharma, Fung. Diversity 15: 234. 2004.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, 200 km SW of Pachmarhi, Capillipedium assimile, 31 Oct. 1992, R. Sharma & S. Raich, BRIP 51782, isoparatype.

(Trotter) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801677

Basionym. Sorosporium saharianum Trotter, Ann. Mycol. 11: 413. 1913.

≡ Sporisorium saharianum (Trotter) Karatygin, in Karatygin & Azbukina, Definitorium fungorum URSS, etc.: 78. 1989.

Notes — Anthracocystis sahariana on Sporobolus is one of five known Anthracocystis species that infect a chloridoid grass. The majority of Anthracocystis taxa infect andropogonoid grasses.

(Syd. & P. Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801678

Basionym. Ustilago scheffleri Syd. & P. Syd., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 262. 1911.

≡ Sporisorium scheffleri (Syd. & P. Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 232. 2005.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801679

Basionym. Sporisorium schizachyrii Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 418. 2002.

Specimen examined. ZAMBIA, Southern Province, Chirundu, 75 km ESE of Kafue, Schizachyrium exile, 28 Apr. 2001, K. & C. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1128.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801680

Basionym. Sporisorium scholzii Vánky, Mycotaxon 95: 22. 2006.

(M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801681

Basionym. Sorosporium sehimatis M.S. Patil (as ‘sehimae’), Indian Phytopathol. 45: 181. 1992.

≡ Sporisorium sehimatis (M.S. Patil) Vánky (as ‘sehimae’), Mycotaxon 74: 188. 2000.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, between Halls Creek and Kununurra, Sehima nervosum, 11 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, T.S. Marney, S.M. Thompson, M.J. Ryley, A.J., G.F., M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49671.

(McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801682

Basionym. Sorosporium setariae McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 183. 1910.

≡ Sporisorium setariae (McAlpine) Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Fung. Diversity 14: 263. 2003.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, c. 32 km south of Cloncurry, Setaria pumila, 10 May 1909, G.M. Robinson, BRIP 26796, isotype; Northern Territory, 26.2 km south of Tennant Creek, Setaria surgens, 26 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, R.G. Shivas, J.R. Liberato, BRIP 49637.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. setariae (Vánky & Shivas 2003), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801683

Basionym. Sporisorium shivasiorum Vánky, Mycotaxon 106: 145. 2008.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Chiang Mai, near Mae Ngad Dam, Eulalia trispicata, 28 Dec. 2005, P. Athipunyakom, S. Likhitekaraj, W. Butranu, C. & K. Vánky, A.J., M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51766, holotype.

(Berk. & Broome) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801684

Basionym. Ustilago spermoidea Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 94. 1875.

≡ Sphacelotheca spermoidea (Berk. & Broome) Mundk., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 23: 96. 1939.

≡ Sorosporium spermoideum (Berk. & Broome) L. Ling, Sydowia 5: 48. 1951.

≡ Sorosporium spermoideum (Berk. & Broome) Zundel, Ustil. World: 74. 1953 (comb. superfl.).

≡ Sporisorium spermoideum (Berk. & Broome) Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 31. 2003.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Tamil Nadu, c. 65 km NW of Madurai, Cymbopogon martinii, 28 Jan. 1980, K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1245.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801685

Basionym. Sporisorium sphacelatum Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 13. 2003.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Eastern Cape Province, Lady Gray, Mt Drakensberg, Pennisetum sphacelatum, 22 Dec. 1996, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1145.

(Speg.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801686

Basionym. Ustilago stiparum Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 12: 288. 1909.

≡ Sorosporium stiparum (Speg.) Zundel, Mycologia 43: 269. 1951.

≡ Sporisorium stiparum (Speg.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 106: 163. 2008.

(M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801687

Basionym. Sorosporium sulcati M.S. Patil, Indian Phytopathol. 45: 181. 1992.

≡ Sporisorium sulcati (M.S. Patil) Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 188. 2000.

(Zundel) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801688

Basionym. Sorosporium tanganyikeanum Zundel, Mycologia 36: 408. 1944.

≡ Sporisorium tanganyikeanum (Zundel) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 235. 2005.

(Henn. & Pole-Evans) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801689

Basionym. Sorosporium tembuti Henn. & Pole-Evans, in Hennings, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 270. 1908.

≡ Sporisorium tembuti (Henn. & Pole-Evans) Vánky, Mycotaxon 99: 63. 2007.

= Ustilago tumefaciens Henn., in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 48. 1895.

≡ Sorosporium tumefaciens (Henn.) Zundel, Mycologia 22: 149. 1930 (not Sorosporium tumefaciens McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 184. 1910).

≡ Sorosporium zundelianum Cif., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 40: 268. 1933, nom. nov.

≡ Sporisorium leelingianum Vánky, Fung. Diversity 12: 190. 2003.

= Sorosporium healdii Zundel, Mycologia 22: 147. 1930.

= Sorosporium proliferatum Zundel, Mycologia 22: 150. 1930.

= Sorosporium clintonii Zundel, Mycologia 22: 153. 1930.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, KwaZulu-Natal, Mikes Pass, Cathedral Peak National Park, Hyparrhenia tamba, 30 Dec.1996, K. & C. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1153.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801690

Basionym. Sporisorium thelepogonis Vánky, Mycotaxon 62: 130. 1997.

Specimen examined. EAST TIMOR, Maahui, Thelepogon elegans, 6 May 2002, M.P. Weinert & A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 51275.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801691

Basionym. Sporisorium themedae-arguentis Vánky, Mycotaxon 51: 154.

1994.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Humpty Doo, Themeda arguens, 20 Mar. 1967, J.B. Heaton, BRIP 7883, paratype. – INDONESIA, Bali, Denpasar, 20 km south of Mt Alas Kemayuna, Themeda arguens, 1 Apr. 1992, Menge, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 855, isotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801692

Basionym. Sporisorium themedae-cymbariae Vánky, Mycotaxon 62: 141. 1997.

Specimen examined. INDIA, Karnataka, Mysore, Bandipur, Themeda cymbaria, 5 June 1995, Sharma & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 973.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. themedae-cymbariae (Vánky 1997), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801693

Basionym. Sporisorium tothii Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 14. 2003.

(R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Athip.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801694

Basionym. Sporisorium trispicatae R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Athip., Mycol. Balcan. 3: 111. 2006.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Mae Ngad Dam, Mae Taeng District, Eulalia trispicata, 28 Dec. 2005, R.G. & M.D.E. Shivas, P. Athipunyakom, W. Butranu, S. Likhitekaraj, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 47730, isotype.

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801695

Basionym. Sphacelotheca tristachyae-hispidae L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 184. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium tristachyae-hispidae (L. Ling) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 162. 1997.

Specimen examined. SOUTH AFRICA, KwaZulu-Natal, Giants Castle Reserve, Drakensberg Mountains, Tristachya leucothrix, 4 Jan. 1997, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1030.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801696

Basionym. Sporisorium tristachyae-nodiglumis Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 46. 2003.

Specimen examined. ZAMBIA, Central Province, 169 km ENE of Lusaka, Tristachya sp., 17 Apr. 2001, C., T. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1144, isotype.

(Syd. & P. Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801697

Basionym. Sorosporium tristachydis Syd. & P. Syd., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 263. 1911.

≡ Tolyposporium tristachydis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Zundel, Bothalia 3: 310. 1938.

≡ Sporisorium tristachydis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 65: 161. 1997.

(McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801698

Basionym. Sorosporium tumefaciens McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 184. 1910.

≡ Sporisorium tumefaciens(McAlpine) Vánky, Mycotaxon 18: 328. 1983.

= Sphacelotheca rhaphidis L. Ling, Sydowia 3: 128. 1949.

= Sporisorium tumiforme Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Fung. Diversity 18: 183. 2005.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Wyndham, 56 km SSE on Great Northern Highway, Chrysopogon fallax, 22 Feb. 1996, A.A. Mitchell, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1031.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells present in A. tumefaciens, which are remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Henn.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801699

Basionym. Ustilago ugandensis Henn., in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 48. 1895.

≡ Sporisorium ugandense (Henn.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 91: 250. 2005.

= Sphacelotheca dolichosora Ainsw., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153: 94. 1941.

≡ Sporisorium dolichosorum (Ainsw.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 73: 142. 1999.

Notes — Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae are usually absent in Anthracocystis. There are a few sterile cells reported in A. ugandensis (Vánky 2005), which are most likely remnants of the non-sporogenous hyphae.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801700

Basionym. Sporisorium walkeri Vánky, Mycotaxon 51: 158. 1994.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Fernvale, Themeda triandra, 15 Nov. 1965, R.F.N. Langdon, BRIP 7876, paratype.

(Vánky & McKenzie) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801701

Basionym. Sporisorium whiteochloae Vánky & McKenzie, in Vánky & Shivas, Fung. Diversity 7: 160. 2001.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Kununurra, Fish Farm Road, Whiteochloa cymbiformis, 26 June 1998, R. Eichner, BRIP 26823, isotype; Northern Territory, Timber Creek, Policeman’s Lookout, Whiteochloa semitonsa, 10 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51860b.

(R.G. Shivas, McTaggart & Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801702

Basionym. Sporisorium xerofasciculatum R.G. Shivas, McTaggart & Vánky, Mycotaxon 101: 353. 2007.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, between Kununurra and Halls Creek, Xerochloa laniflora, 11 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, T.S. Marney, S.M. Thompson, M.J. Ryley, A.J., G.F., M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49682, holotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801703

Basionym. Sporisorium zambianum Vánky, Mycotaxon 85: 42. 2003.

STOLLIA (Clade 3)

The new genus Stollia is proposed to accommodate smut fungi that occur as localized galls in the ovaries on grasses in the tribe Andropogoneae. The sori are enclosed by a peridium of host tissue. The swollen ovaries consist of spores mixed with sterile cells. Columellae and spore balls are absent.

McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, gen. nov. — MycoBank MB801704; Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Stollia ewartii and S. bursa. a. S. ewartii sori; b. S. ewartii spores; c. S. ewartii spores under SEM; d. S. bursa sori; e. S. bursa spores; f. S. bursa spores under SEM. — Scale bars: a, d = 5 mm; b, c, e, f = 10 μm.

Type species. Stollia ewartii (McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas.

Holotype. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Napier, Broome Bay, Sorghum stipoideum, 22 May 1910, A.J. Ewart, MEL 1055129.

Etymology. Named after the German mycologist Matthias Stoll in recognition of his substantial contribution towards resolving the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex.

Sori in swollen ovaries of Andropogoneae, localized in the inflorescence, globose to obovoid, covered by a thick peridium derived from host tissue, initially green, darker with age, which ruptures at maturity to expose the pulverulent spore mass mixed with sterile cells. Spores single, globose, subglobose to ellipsoidal, often echinulate. Sterile cells in loose irregular groups, globose, hyaline. Columellae and spore balls are lacking.

New combinations for Stollia

(L. Ling) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801705

Basionym. Ustilago bothriochloae L. Ling, Mycol. Pap. 11: 4. 1945.

≡ Macalpinomyces bothriochloae (L. Ling) Vánky, Fung. Diversity 15: 225. 2004.

Specimens examined. BOLIVIA, La Paz, Sud Yungas, between Chulumani and Inquisivi, Bothriochloa bladhii, 18 Apr. 2009, R.G. & M.D.E. Shivas, A.R. McTaggart, W.A. Arce, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 52756. – THAILAND, Bothriochloa bladhii, 27 Dec. 2005, R.G. Shivas & P. Athipunyakom, BRIP 47762.

(Berk.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801706

Basionym. Ustilago bursa Berk., Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 206. 1854.

≡ Tolyposporium bursum (Berk.) McAlpine, The smuts of Australia: 186. 1910.

≡ Sphacelotheca bursa (Berk.) Mundk. & Thirum., Mycol. Pap. 16: 6. 1946.

≡ Sporisorium bursum (Berk.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 31: 403. 1988.

≡ Macalpinomyces bursus (Berk.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 427. 2002.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Chiang Rai, 42 km east of Chiang Saen, Themeda villosa, 16 Dec. 2007, P. Athipunyakom, S. Likhitekaraj, V.L. Challinor, T.S. Marney, A.R. McTaggart, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51544.

(McAlpine) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801707

Basionym. Ustilago ewartii McAlpine (as ‘ewarti’), Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 36: 45. 1912, ‘1911’.

≡ Macalpinomyces ewartii (McAlpine) Vánky & R.G. Shivas, Mycotaxon 80: 346. 2001.

= Ustilago sorghi-stipoidei L. Ling, Sydowia 7: 154. 1953.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, between Wyndham and Kununurra, Sorghum timorense, 4 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51814; Western Australia, between Wyndham and Kununurra, Sorghum timorense, 8 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51818; Northern Territory, Katherine, Sorghum timorense, 24 Apr. 1947, S.T. Blake, BRIP 7791, isotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801708

Basionym. Sporisorium ovariicolopsis Vánky, Mycotaxon 74: 203. 2000.

≡ Macalpinomyces ovariicolopsis (Vánky) Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 427. 2002.

(A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801709

Basionym. Macalpinomyces pseudanthistiriae A.R. Patil, T.M. Patil & M.S. Patil, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 34: 839. 2004.

LANGDONIA (Clade 8)

The new genus Langdonia is proposed to accommodate the monophyletic group of smut fungi that infect the ovaries of Aristida, have coiled sporogenous hyphae and lack columellae.

McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, gen. nov. — MycoBank MB801710; Fig. 3a–c

Fig. 3

Langdonia. a. L. aristidicola sori; b. L. aristidicola spores in spore ball; c. L. aristidicola spore ball under SEM. — Scale bars: b, c = 10 μm.

Type species. Langdonia fraseriana (Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas.

Holotype. AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, Warialda, Aristida leptopoda, Jan. 1932, L.R. Fraser, IMI 44415, HUV 17480.

Etymology. Named after the Australian mycologist Raymond F.N. Langdon who first described the mode of soral development in the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex.

Infecting hosts of Aristida. Sori in some or all ovaries of a panicle. Columella absent. Spores usually compacted into spore balls. Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae usually absent.

New combinations for Langdonia

(Peck) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801711

Basionym. Ustilago aristidae Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 35. 1885.

= Sorosporium consanguineum Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 3: 56. 1887.

≡ Sporisorium consanguineum (Ellis & Everh.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 31: 402. 1988, s.l.

= Sorosporium aristidae Neger (as ‘Sorisporium’), Ann. Univ. Chile 95: 789. 1896.

= Sorosporium bornmuelleri Magnus (as ‘Sorisporium’), Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 50: 434. 1900.

= Sorosporium concelatum L. Ling, Lloydia 14: 106. 1951.

≡ Sporisorium arundinellae-nepalensis Vánky, Mycotaxon 89: 91. 2004 (not Sporisorium concelatum (Zundel) M. Piepenbr., Caldasia 24: 109. 2002).

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Kununurra, Ivanhoe Crossing, Aristida hygrometrica, 9 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51839; Western Australia, Gingin, Cemetery, Aristida sp., 14 Sept. 1999, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 27723.

(Durán) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801712

Basionym. Ustilago aristidarius Durán, Ustil. Mexico: 222. 1987.

(Speg.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801713

Basionym. Urocystis aristidicola Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, 12: 294. 1909.

≡ Tuburcinia aristidicola (Speg.) Liro, Ann. Univ. Fenn. Abo., Ser. A, 1: 26. 1922.

≡ Sporisorium aristidicola (Speg.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 78: 305. 2001.

= Sorosporium consanguineum Ellis & Everh. var. bullatum Pavgi & Thirum., Sydowia 5: 10. 1951.

≡ Sorosporium bullatum (Pavgi & Thirum.) Pavgi & Thirum., Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 7: 284. 1956 (not Sorosporium bullatum J. Schröter, Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 49: 6. 1869).

= Sorosporium penuriasorus Durán, Ustil. Mexico: 67. 1987.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Victoria River, 15 km east of Victoria Highway, Aristida sp., 12 Apr. 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51871; Northern Territory, 72 km NNW of Alice Springs, Aristida jerichoensis, 26 Mar. 2000, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1119.

(R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Athip.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801714

Basionym. Sporisorium clandestinum R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Athipunyakom, Mycol. Balcan. 3: 108. 2006.

Specimens examined. THAILAND, Nakhon Phanom, 31 km west of Sri Songkram, Aristida balansae, 12 Dec. 2007, P. Athipunyakom, S. Likhitekaraj, V.L. Challinor, T.S. Marney, A.R. McTaggart, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51520; Kalasin Province, 10 km NW of Na Khu, Aristida setacea, 20 Dec. 2005, R.G. Shivas, P. Athipunyakom, BRIP 47754, isotype.

(H.S. Jacks.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801715

Basionym. Sorosporium confusum H.S. Jacks., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 148. 1908.

≡ Sporisorium confusum (H.S. Jacks.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 78: 306. 2001.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, 63.4 km north of Alice Springs, Aristida inaequiglumis, 23 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, J.R. Liberato, R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49660; Queensland, 1 km south of Mt Morgan, Aristida queenslandica, 24 Mar. 2003, R.G. & M.D.E. Shivas, BRIP 42670. – BOLIVIA, Potosi, Charcas, between Toro Toro and Punata, Aristida sp., 22 Apr. 2009, R.G. & M.D.E. Shivas, A.R. McTaggart, W.A. Arce, C. & K. Vánky, BRIP 52755.

(Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801716

Basionym. Sorosporium fraserianum Syd., Ann. Mycol. 35: 25. 1937.

≡ Sporisorium fraserianum (Syd.) Vánky, Mycotaxon 78: 308. 2001.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, Alice Springs, near Standley’s Gap, Aristida nitidula, 22 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, J.R. Liberato & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49668.

(Massee) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801717

Basionym. Ustilago goniospora Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1899: 183. 1899.

≡ Sorosporium Sorosporium goniosporum (Massee) L. Ling, Lloydia 16: 189. 1953.

≡ Sporisorium goniosporum (Massee) Vánky, Mycotaxon 78: 308. 2001.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov.— MycoBank MB801718

Basionym. Sporisorium inopinatum Vánky, Mycotaxon 81: 384. 2002.

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Aristida sp., 20 Dec. 2005, R.G. Shivas & P. Athipunyakom, BRIP 47757. – ZIMBABWE, Matabeleland North, 30 km SE of Bulawayo, Aristida scabrivalvis, 2 Mar. 1999, C. & K. Vánky, Vánky, Ust. exs. no. 1108, isotype.

TRIODIOMYCES (Clade 5)

The new genus Triodiomyces is proposed to accommodate the monophyletic group of smut fungi that occur on grasses in the genus Triodia.

McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, gen. nov. — MycoBank MB801719

Type species. Triodiomyces altilis (Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas.

Holotype. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, between Liddels Hill and Ayers Rock (Uluru), Triodia sp., June 1935, J.B. Clealand, BRIP 7884 (lectotype of Ustilago altilis design. by Vánky & Shivas, Smut fungi of Australia: 233. 2008).

Etymology. Named after the host genus, Triodia.

Infecting hosts of Triodia. Sori in culms or inflorescence. Columella, spore balls and sterile cells absent.

New combinations for Triodiomyces

(Syd.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801720

Basionym. Ustilago altilis Syd., Ann. Mycol. 35: 23. 1937.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Northern Territory, between Liddels Hill and Ayers Rock, Triodia sp., June 1935, J.B. Clealand, BRIP 7884, lectotype; Barkley Highway, 80 km East of Tennant Creek, Triodia pungens, 25 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, J.R. Liberato & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49644; Tanami Desert, Triodia pungens, 1 July 1980, P.K. Latz, BRIP 14713; Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, Triodia sp., 11 May 2009, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, M.J. Ryley, C.F. Gambley, T. Scharaschkin, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 52543.

(Vánky & A.A. Mitch.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801721

Basionym. Ustilago inaltilis Vánky & A.A. Mitch., Mycotaxon 68: 328. 1998.

Specimen examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Galvins Gorge, Triodia longiloba, 6 June 1996, A.A. Mitchell, BRIP 49123, holotype.

(R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Cunningt.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801722

Basionym. Ustilago lituana R.G. Shivas, Vánky & Cunningt., Australas. Pl. Pathol. 35: 363. 2006.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Cooke Point Port Headland, Foreshore off Dempster St., Triodia epactia, 12 Aug. 2005, M.J. Ryley, T.S. Marney & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 46795, holotype; Turnoff to Derby, Triodia sp., 9 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, T.S. Marney, S.M. Thompson, M.J. Ryley, A.J., G.F., M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49124.

(R.G. Shivas, McTaggart & Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801723

Basionym. Ustilago lunata R.G. Shivas, McTaggart & Vánky, Mycotaxon 101: 358. 2007.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Kennedy Range, Triodia longiceps, 16 July 1991, E. Davison, BRIP 49114, isotype.

(Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, comb. nov. — MycoBank MB801724

Basionym. Ustilago triodiae Vánky, Mycotaxon 62: 167. 1997.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, turnoff to Derby, Triodia sp., 9 Apr. 2007, A.R. McTaggart, T.S. Marney, S.M. Thompson, M.J. Ryley, A.J., G.F., M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 49124; Mitchell Plateau, 11 May 2009, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, M.J. Ryley, C.F. Gambley, T. Scharaschkin, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 52542.

IDENTIFICATION OF GENERA

A key to the genera of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex follows. The genera can be identified based on soral characteristics and host plant.

1. Columella, sterile cells or spore balls present................ 4

1. Columella, sterile cells and spore balls absent................ 2

2. On Poaceae ................3

2. On Polygonaceae................ Melanopsichium

3. On Triodia................ Triodiomyces

3. On other genera of grasses................ Ustilago

4. Columella present................ 5

4. Columella absent................ 6

5. Columella filiform, flattened or flexuous. Spore balls formed from coiled sporogenous hyphae. Sterile cells usually absent................ Anthracocystis

5. Columella stout, cylindrical or woody. Spore balls usually absent. Sterile cells present................ Sporisorium

6. Sori cylindrical or tubular, derived from host tissue................ Macalpinomyces s.l.

6. Sori globose or ovoid in hypertrophied host ovaries................ 7

7. Spore balls present and formed from coiled sporogenous hyphae................ 8

7. Spore balls absent................ 9

8. On Aristida................ Langdonia

8. On Panicum trachyrachis, sterile cells present................ Anomalomyces

9. On Eriachne................ Macalpinomyces s.str.

9. On grasses in the subfamilies Paniceae or Chloridoideae ................10

10. On grasses in the tribe Andropogoneae................ Stollia

10. On grasses in the tribes Panicoideae or Chloridoideae................ Macalpinomyces s.l.

DISCUSSION

Six of the monophyletic groups within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex are well supported and can be defined by morphology or host classification. The soral synapomorphies present in Sporisorium provided a clear, morphological solution to what was the largest component of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex. Relationships among these groups are still ambiguous. Character evolution within the complex cannot be determined confidently while there is doubt about the evolutionary relationships among the clades. For example, because the relationship of Sporisorium to Anthracocystis is not fully resolved, it is unknown whether columellae arose once in a shared common ancestor, or whether columellae were derived in two separate clades. The results of our previous studies indicate that the two structural types of columellae arose separately in smut fungi that infect the Andropogoneae.

Macalpinomyces remains a polyphyletic group, with taxa distributed over three unrelated clades: i) the monotypic type species Macalpinomyces eriachnes; ii) Clade 2, which contains smuts with tubular sori that are either localized or entirely replace the host inflorescence; and iii) Clade 7, which form galls on panicoid and chloridoid hosts and have sterile cells. The possible taxonomic outcomes of these clades were discussed by McTaggart et al. (2012a).

Ustilago is also polyphyletic, with taxa distributed in three clades: i) Clade 6, which contains the type species and may be further subdivided into host delimited genera; ii) Clade 2, which contains Ustilago maydis and taxa with tubular sori; and iii) Clade 7 with species that do not possess sterile cells or peridia, for example, U. drakensbergiana. The resolution of Ustilago and Macalpinomyces are dependent on each other, and in future phylogenetic analyses, taxa should be chosen from Stollia, Ustilago s.l., and Clade 2, 6 and 7. It is not necessary to add Sporisorium or Anthracocystis as these clades are well represented. Data should be obtained from the nuclear rDNA loci ITS and LSU. The addition of more nuclear sequence data is another approach if nuclear rDNA loci do not resolve the relationships.