Contrasting evolutionary histories of chloroplast thioredoxins f and m.

Fourteen thioredoxin sequences were used to construct a minimal phylogenetic tree by using parsimony. The bacterial thioredoxins clustered into three groups: one containing the photosynthetic purple bacteria, Escherichia and Corynebacterium; a second containing the photosynthetic green bacterium, Chlorobium; and a third containing cyanobacteria. These groupings are similar to those generated from earlier 16s RNA analyses. Animal thioredoxins formed a fourth group. The two thioredoxins of chloroplasts (f and m) showed contrasting phylogenetic patterns. As predicted from prior studies, spinach chloroplast thioredoxin m grouped with its counterparts from cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, but, unexpectedly, thioredoxin f grouped with the animal thioredoxins. The results indicate that, during evolution, thioredoxin m of contemporary photosynthetic eukaryotic cells was derived from a prokaryotic symbiont, whereas thioredoxin f descended from an ancestral eukaryote common to plants and animals. The findings illustrate the potential of thioredoxin as a phylogenetic marker and suggest a relationship between the animal and f-type thioredoxins.