Patient blood management--the new frontier.

As one of the oldest and most common procedures in clinical practice, allogeneic blood transfusions face many issues including questionable safety and efficacy, increasing costs and limited supply. The need to provide effective care for a relatively small population of patients who could not be transfused for various reasons gave rise to 'bloodless medicine and surgery', which was subsequently proposed as a care strategy for all patients, with the goal of minimising the use of allogeneic blood components. The next evolution came from the shift from a 'product-centred' approach towards a 'patient-centred' approach, that is, a focus on patient outcome rather than use of blood components, which gave birth to 'patient blood management'. Defined as "the timely application of evidence-based medical and surgical concepts designed to maintain haemoglobin concentration, optimise haemostasis and minimise blood loss in an effort to improve patient outcome", patient blood management is expected to reshape the future of transfusion medicine and the way blood components are used in clinical practice.