RATIONALE: Cohort evidence linking long-term exposure to outdoor particulate air pollution and mortality has come largely from the United States. There is relatively little evidence from nationally representative cohorts in other countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to a range of pollutants and causes of death in a national English cohort. METHODS: A total of 835,607 patients aged 40-89 years registered with 205 general practices were followed from 2003-2007. Annual average concentrations in 2002 for particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 (PM(10)) and less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone, and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) at 1 km(2) resolution, estimated from emission-based models, were linked to residential postcode. Deaths (n = 83,103) were ascertained from linkage to death certificates, and hazard ratios (HRs) for all- and cause-specific mortality for pollutants were estimated for interquartile pollutant changes from Cox models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and area-level socioeconomic status markers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Residential concentrations of all pollutants except ozone were positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02, 1.03, and 1.04 for PM(2.5), NO(2), and SO(2), respectively). Associations for PM(2.5), NO(2), and SO(2) were larger for respiratory deaths (HR, 1.09 each) and lung cancer (HR, 1.02, 1.06, and 1.05) but nearer unity for cardiovascular deaths (1.00, 1.00, and 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results strengthen the evidence linking long-term ambient air pollution exposure to increased all-cause mortality. However, the stronger associations with respiratory mortality are not consistent with most US studies in which associations with cardiovascular causes of death tend to predominate.
RATIONALE: Cohort evidence linking long-term exposure to outdoor particulate air pollution and mortality has come largely from the United States. There is relatively little evidence from nationally representative cohorts in other countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to a range of pollutants and causes of death in a national English cohort. METHODS: A total of 835,607 patients aged 40-89 years registered with 205 general practices were followed from 2003-2007. Annual average concentrations in 2002 for particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 (PM(10)) and less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone, and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) at 1 km(2) resolution, estimated from emission-based models, were linked to residential postcode. Deaths (n = 83,103) were ascertained from linkage to death certificates, and hazard ratios (HRs) for all- and cause-specific mortality for pollutants were estimated for interquartile pollutant changes from Cox models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and area-level socioeconomic status markers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Residential concentrations of all pollutants except ozone were positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02, 1.03, and 1.04 for PM(2.5), NO(2), and SO(2), respectively). Associations for PM(2.5), NO(2), and SO(2) were larger for respiratory deaths (HR, 1.09 each) and lung cancer (HR, 1.02, 1.06, and 1.05) but nearer unity for cardiovascular deaths (1.00, 1.00, and 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results strengthen the evidence linking long-term ambient air pollution exposure to increased all-cause mortality. However, the stronger associations with respiratory mortality are not consistent with most US studies in which associations with cardiovascular causes of death tend to predominate.
Authors: L Filleul; V Rondeau; S Vandentorren; N Le Moual; A Cantagrel; I Annesi-Maesano; D Charpin; C Declercq; F Neukirch; C Paris; D Vervloet; P Brochard; J-F Tessier; F Kauffmann; I Baldi Journal: Occup Environ Med Date: 2005-07 Impact factor: 4.402
Authors: Kristin A Miller; David S Siscovick; Lianne Sheppard; Kristen Shepherd; Jeffrey H Sullivan; Garnet L Anderson; Joel D Kaufman Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2007-02-01 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Rob Beelen; Gerard Hoek; Piet A van den Brandt; R Alexandra Goldbohm; Paul Fischer; Leo J Schouten; Michael Jerrett; Edward Hughes; Ben Armstrong; Bert Brunekreef Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2008-02 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Michelle C Turner; Michael Jerrett; C Arden Pope; Daniel Krewski; Susan M Gapstur; W Ryan Diver; Bernardo S Beckerman; Julian D Marshall; Jason Su; Daniel L Crouse; Richard T Burnett Journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Date: 2016-05-15 Impact factor: 21.405
Authors: Chris C Lim; Richard B Hayes; Jiyoung Ahn; Yongzhao Shao; Debra T Silverman; Rena R Jones; Cynthia Garcia; Michelle L Bell; George D Thurston Journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Date: 2019-10-15 Impact factor: 21.405