Strategies to maintain biventricular circulation in patients with high-risk anatomy.

Although hypoplasia of left heart structures presents with a spectrum of severity, management decisions are typically dichotomous: single-ventricle palliation or biventricular repair. Since the long-term outcomes of single-ventricle palliation are sub-optimal, strategies to aggressively pursue biventricular circulation in patients with borderline left heart structures have been developed. Recent strategies and surgical techniques to rehabilitate the left heart in patients with borderline left heart are described.