Lymphoid-tissue stromal cells coordinate innate defense to cytomegalovirus.

During mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, the first wave of type I interferon (IFN-I) production peaks at ≈ 8 h. This IFN-I emanates from splenic stromal cells located in the marginal zone (MZ) and requires B cells that express lymphotoxin. The amount of IFN-I produced at these initial times is at least equivalent in magnitude to that produced later by dendritic cells (≈ 36 to 48 h), but the relative roles of these two IFN-I sources in regulating MCMV defense remain unclear. Here we show that IFN-I produced by MZ stromal cells dramatically restricts the first measurable burst of viral production, which occurs at ≈ 32 h. This primary innate control by IFN-I is partially mediated through the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which produce gamma interferon in an IFN-I-dependent fashion, and is independent of Ly49H. Strikingly, MCMV production in the spleens of immunocompetent mice never increases at times after 32 h. These results highlight the critical importance of lymphoid-tissue stromal cells in orchestrating the earliest phase of innate defense to MCMV infection, capping replication levels, and blocking spread until infection is ultimately controlled.