Use of CT-guided periradicular injection for the treatment of foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniations.

STUDY
DESIGN: Retrospective case series. Evidence level IV.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate surgical candidates with foraminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation treated with CT-guided periradicular injection (CTGPI) as a valid treatment option for avoiding surgery.
METHODS: We carried out a retrospective evaluation of 46 consecutive patients with foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation treated with CTGPI. CTGPI was performed only when radicular pain could not be controlled, or in patients who continued requiring pain medication following an acute episode and whose radicular pain precluded them from resuming their daily activities. Forty-six patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up met the inclusion criteria. There were 21 women and 25 men, with a mean age of 47 years.
RESULTS: At 1 month after injection, 41 (89%) patients experienced a decrease in radicular pain; 3 experienced no change; and 2 had received surgical treatment. At the final follow-up visit (mean, 74 months) 6 additional patients underwent surgery while 38 (83%) did not require surgery. Pain level comparison between pre-injection and last examination showed that low back pain had decreased a mean of 5 points and radicular pain diminished a mean of 7 points. Twenty-two (58%) of the 38 nonoperated patients had no pain at all and 35 patients had resumed their normal daily activities. No complications were recorded.
CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we consider that the use of CTGPI is a reliable alternative before surgery for patients with foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation without severe motor deficit but with intractable radicular pain. [Table: see text].

Study Rationale

Peridural steroid injections appear as a treatment of unreliable result. Most patients with lumbar radicular compressions received surgical treatment as the last treatment option for the management of severe sciatica or cruralgia resistant to conservative therapy. Many patients would be able to avoid surgery if these symptoms could be controlled with a conservative treatment.

We believe that peridural injections could be a good treatment option to avoid surgery.

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate surgical candidates with foraminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation treated with CT-guided periradicular injection (CTGPI) as a valid treatment option to avoid surgery.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Evidence level IV.

Patients with sciatica or cruralgia of at least 4 weeks duration resistant to conventional medical therapy, considered by providers for surgical treatment, with a clear diagnosis of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation.

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Patient sampling and selection.

Other pathologies that could produce similar symptoms

Central or foraminal stenosis

Previous lumbar surgery

Clinical depression

Anticoagulation treatment

Pregnancy

Metabolic radiculopathies

Fig. 1

From January 2000 to April 2003, 1542 CT-guided nerve root injections were performed in our institution. We carried out a retrospective evaluation of 46 consecutive-selected patients with foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation treated with CTGPI during this period.

All patients have at least 2 years of follow-up.

Before the periradicular injection, all patients underwent a complete trial of conventional medical therapy including bed rest, physiotherapy, antiinflammatory drugs, and analgesics.

CTGPI was performed only when radicular pain could not be controlled or in patients who continued requiring pain medication following an acute episode and whose radicular pain precluded them from resuming their daily activities.

Forty-six patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up met the inclusion criteria. There were 21 women and 25 men, with a mean age of 47 years (range, 19–73) (Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic and baseline characteristics of intervention groups.*

	treatment n = 46, No. (%)
Age, y, mean ±SD	47.5 ± 12.8
Female	21 (46)
Loss to follow-up	0
Level injected L5-S1	13 (28)
Level injected L4-L5	24 (52)
Level injected L3-L4	8 (17)
Level injected L2-L3	1 (3)

P values for between-group differences as determined by 2-sampled t test for continuous measures and χ2 test for proportions.

Mean follow-up of 6 years.

Sixty-one CTGPI were performed on 46 patients (1 injection, 34 patients; 2 injections, 9 patients; and 3 injections, 3 patients).

We reviewed the ambulatory digital medical records to collect data on previous treatments, pain intensity at the time of the injection, and at the first postinjection follow-up 4 weeks after the procedure, or if the patient had had surgery.

As microdiscectomy was considered a failure of CTGPI, the patients were not evaluated further following surgery regardless of the surgical result.

Radicular and low back pain were independently evaluated according to the visual analogue scale (VAS), graded from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain ever suffered).

We also documented whether the procedure had been painful and how many days later the decrease in pain was noticed and possible complications.

For the final follow-up evaluation at time of the study review, all patients were contacted by a physician not directly involved in their treatment (Table 2). Patients gave oral consent but not written consent for the study.

Table 2

Outcomes being studied.*

outcome	N = 38 (before treatment)	N = 38 (after treatment)	P value
VAS low back pain, mean ± SD	7.6 ± 2.2	2.3 ± 2.6	<.0005
VAS radicular pain, mean ±SD	7.6 ± 2.6	0.5 ± 1.7	<.0005

VAS indicates visual analogue scale. P was obtained using the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples.

We also documented when the patient was able to resume work and sports activities.

In all cases, the diagnosis of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation was performed by magnetic resonance imaging according to Mc Culloch.1

The statistical analysis utilized for VAS values was the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples.

Additional methodological and technical details are provided in the web appendix at .

Of 46 patients with a foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation treated with CTGPI, all surgical candidates, 8 (17%) were finally operated.

Among 38 patients who did not require surgical treatment, 28 (74%) improved within the first 15 days.

At 1-month postinjection, 41 (89%) patients stated a decrease in radicular pain intensity: 3, no change; and 2 received surgical treatment.

The final evaluation showed that 38 (83%) patients had not required surgery. Compared with pain levels at the preinjection examination, low back pain had decreased a mean of 5.3 points (from 7.6–2.3) and radicular pain had diminished a mean of 7.1 points (from 7.6–0.5) in this group, P = .001.

Twenty-two (58%) of 38 nonoperated patients referred no pain at all.

Thirty-five patients who had not required surgery had resumed their normal everyday activities (See web appendix for complete patient series.)

No complications that could be directly related to the procedure (infection, headache, bleeding, and adverse reactions to the medication requiring further treatment) were recorded.

We first reported our results with CTGPI in 1996;2 our impression was that this procedure was effective for the management of patients with severe radicular pain due to disc herniation.

We included only patients with foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation because the natural history of disc herniation in this location is less favorable3,4

Of 46 patients, who were all deemed surgical candidates, 8 (17%) were finally operated.

Among 38 patients who did not require surgical treatment, 28 (74%) improved within the first 15 days. These findings, in patients who had gone through several weeks of pain and multiple treatments, make it unlikely that pain improvement had followed the natural history of the disease (6–12 months).

The documented pain score difference before CTGPI and at final follow-up as expressed with a visual analogue score seems to recall the natural evolution of disc herniation.

Discussion

We only evaluated lateral herniation.

Our cohort was assembled from a community clinical practice, making it likely that our results are broadly generalizable.

Relatively small number of patients included.

Retrospective study without a control group. However, our results are comparable with other studies that are prospective.5

In the two most frequently cited prospective randomized double-blinded studies, diverse results are reported.

After reviewing the available literature, it becomes obvious that there are no perfect protocols to show the efficacy of nerve root injection (NRI). Even surgical candidates in control groups avoid surgery in 33%–48%.

Karppinen et al6 found significant differences on almost every parameter between the study group (bupivacaine plus methylprednisolone) and the control group (saline) only at the 2-week follow-up. This implies that the procedure only brings short-term clinical benefit. However, 23% of their population has normal or bulging discs, which we consider not surgical candidates in our practice.

Riew et al7 found that in their study group most patients with lumbar radicular pain who avoid an operation for at least 1 year continue to avoid operative intervention for a minimum of 5 years.

The natural history in patients with sciatica caused by a disc herniation is favorable,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 which explains why the effectiveness of CTGPI or any other procedure is difficult to establish.

Epidural steroid infiltration under image intensifier guidance is not a new procedure and has been performed for more than 35 years.15 However, its effectiveness is still controversial; while some reports demonstrate it as a useful alternative,8,16,17 others only compare its action with that of intramuscular administration or with the natural history of the disease.18,19,20

The use of CT guidance can make the procedure more expensive, and most clinicians support the use of image intensifier. In our institution, one of five CT scanners is assigned only to invasive percutaneous procedures and is usually available for scheduling a 10-minute CTGPI. Despite the increased initial costs of CT, it may lead to financial savings in comparison with image-intensifier guided operating-room CTGPI as is performed in many institutions; additionally, the image is biplanar instead of monoplanar and is more accurate.

Summary and Conclusions

Based on our results, we consider that the use of CT-guided periradicular infiltration is a safe and reliable alternative for patients with foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation without severe motor deficit that remain with intractable radicular pain after adequate conservative treatment.

Final Class of evidence (CoE)-treatment	Yes
Study design:
RCT
Cohort
Case control
Case series	•
Methods
Concealed allocation (RCT)
Intention to treat (RCT)
Blinded/independent evaluation of primary outcome
F/U ≥85%	•
Adequate sample size	•
Control for confounding
Overall class of evidence	IV
The definiton of the different classes of evidence is available on page 59.