Anatomical features of rheumatic and non-rheumatic mitral stenosis: potential additional value of three-dimensional echocardiography.

Although mitral stenosis is mostly due to rheumatic fever, other etiologies, such as degenerative, congenital, drug- or radiotherapy-induced mitral stenosis, are emerging and need to be recognized in order to decide the best therapeutic options. This pictorial review describes the echocardiographic features of these different anatomical types and the additional value of three-dimensional echocardiography.