Reduced carbon dots versus oxidized carbon dots: photo- and electrochemiluminescence investigations for selected applications.

The study of the composition, morphology, and surface structure of carbon dots (Cdots) is critical to understanding their effect on the photo- and electrochemiluminescence (PL and ECL) of Cdots in selected applications. Herein, two kinds of Cdots were prepared with 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA) as precursor. The Cdots prepared by using a carbonization-extraction strategy have a low oxidation level and are denoted as reduced Cdots (r-Cdots). The Cdots obtained with a carbonization-oxidation process are highly oxidized and are denoted as oxidized Cdots (o-Cdots). The o-Cdots have a carbon core and oxygen-containing loose shell, but the r-Cdots consist mainly of the carbon core. Whereas r-Cdots have a strong blue PL but no apparent ECL response, o-Cdots exhibit a relatively weak PL and strong ECL emission. These properties allow for selected applications of the Cdots. The r-Cdots were used in cell imaging with their high PL emission. The o-Cdots, with their high ECL efficiencies, were selected to sense Cu(2+) with Cu(2+) -inducing ECL quenching in the o-Cdots/K2 S2 O8 system. This work provides the possibility to control the composition of Cdots for selected applications and shows a good way to characterize surface traps of Cdots because ECL is characterized by the surface-state and PL is mainly related to the core-state in Cdots.