BACKGROUND: In the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) bronchial challenge test, AMP is usually administered according to dosing protocols for methacholine. We investigated whether the 2-min tidal breathing challenge test for methacholine is applicable to AMP. Parameters known to affect nebulizer output were studied. Our aim was to determine whether control of additional parameters is needed for currently standardized protocols. METHODS: The study was performed with the Sidestream nebulizer from the APS Pro Aerosol Provocation System (CareFusion Respiratory). The effects of AMP concentration, jet pressure, and suction flow rate on nebulizer output rate and aerosol droplet size distribution were determined. RESULTS: The volume median diameter for water increased from 5.10 μm to 8.49 μm when the jet pressure was reduced to obtain the prescribed output rate of 0.13 mL/min. The output rate was increased when a suction flow rate was used to remove the aerosol. Increasing the AMP concentration resulted in smaller droplets and a lower output rate when a suction flow was applied. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of AMP concentration on nebulizer performance may result in changes in the administered dose and site of deposition of AMP at dose escalation. All of the investigated parameters influence nebulizer performance, hence the outcome of a bronchial challenge test. Therefore, these parameters should not only be specified in challenge testing, but be actively controlled as well.
BACKGROUND: In the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) bronchial challenge test, AMP is usually administered according to dosing protocols for methacholine. We investigated whether the 2-min tidal breathing challenge test for methacholine is applicable to AMP. Parameters known to affect nebulizer output were studied. Our aim was to determine whether control of additional parameters is needed for currently standardized protocols. METHODS: The study was performed with the Sidestream nebulizer from the APS Pro Aerosol Provocation System (CareFusion Respiratory). The effects of AMP concentration, jet pressure, and suction flow rate on nebulizer output rate and aerosol droplet size distribution were determined. RESULTS: The volume median diameter for water increased from 5.10 μm to 8.49 μm when the jet pressure was reduced to obtain the prescribed output rate of 0.13 mL/min. The output rate was increased when a suction flow rate was used to remove the aerosol. Increasing the AMP concentration resulted in smaller droplets and a lower output rate when a suction flow was applied. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of AMP concentration on nebulizer performance may result in changes in the administered dose and site of deposition of AMP at dose escalation. All of the investigated parameters influence nebulizer performance, hence the outcome of a bronchial challenge test. Therefore, these parameters should not only be specified in challenge testing, but be actively controlled as well.
Authors: Claire A Cox; Ilse M Boudewijn; Sebastiaan J Vroegop; Siebrig Schokker; Anne J Lexmond; Henderik W Frijlink; Paul Hagedoorn; Judith M Vonk; Martijn P Farenhorst; Nick H T Ten Hacken; Huib A M Kerstjens; Maarten van den Berge Journal: BMC Pulm Med Date: 2019-01-28 Impact factor: 3.317
Authors: Erica van der Wiel; Anne J Lexmond; Maarten van den Berge; Dirkje S Postma; Paul Hagedoorn; Henderik W Frijlink; Martijn P Farenhorst; Anne H de Boer; Nick H T Ten Hacken Journal: Eur Clin Respir J Date: 2017-09-06