AIMS: In November through December 2007, the drinking water distribution system in the town of Nokia, Finland, was contaminated with treated sewage effluent that resulted in a large gastroenteritis outbreak in the community. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the contaminated water in this outbreak was also a potential source of Clostridium difficile infections. METHODS: Samples from the contaminated tap water and treated sewage effluent were collected. Stool samples from a portion of patients that fell ill during the outbreak were examined for C. difficile. PCR ribotyping was performed on toxin positive C. difficile isolates and the genetic profiles of the water and patient isolates were compared. RESULTS: Twelve toxin-positive C. difficile isolates were found in water samples: five from contaminated tap water and seven from treated sewage effluent. Among these, four and five distinct PCR ribotype profiles were identified, respectively. Four PCR ribotype profiles were found among nine human faecal C. difficile isolates. Two isolates, one from tap water and one from a patient, had an indistinguishable PCR ribotype profile. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate for the first time C. difficile contamination of a tap water distribution system and waterborne transmission of toxigenic C. difficile seems possible.
AIMS: In November through December 2007, the drinking water distribution system in the town of Nokia, Finland, was contaminated with treated sewage effluent that resulted in a large gastroenteritis outbreak in the community. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the contaminated water in this outbreak was also a potential source of Clostridium difficile infections. METHODS: Samples from the contaminated tapwater and treated sewage effluent were collected. Stool samples from a portion of patients that fell ill during the outbreak were examined for C. difficile. PCR ribotyping was performed on toxin positive C. difficile isolates and the genetic profiles of the water and patient isolates were compared. RESULTS: Twelve toxin-positive C. difficile isolates were found in water samples: five from contaminated tapwater and seven from treated sewage effluent. Among these, four and five distinct PCR ribotype profiles were identified, respectively. Four PCR ribotype profiles were found among nine human faecal C. difficile isolates. Two isolates, one from tapwater and one from a patient, had an indistinguishable PCR ribotype profile. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate for the first time C. difficile contamination of a tapwater distribution system and waterborne transmission of toxigenic C. difficile seems possible.
Authors: Sally Bloomfield; Martin Exner; Hans-Curt Flemming; Peter Goroncy-Bermes; Philippe Hartemann; Peter Heeg; Carola Ilschner; Irene Krämer; Wolfgang Merkens; Peter Oltmanns; Manfred Rotter; William A Rutala; Hans-Günther Sonntag; Matthias Trautmann Journal: GMS Hyg Infect Control Date: 2015-02-04
Authors: Nicole Stoesser; David W Eyre; T Phuong Quan; Heather Godwin; Gemma Pill; Emily Mbuvi; Alison Vaughan; David Griffiths; Jessica Martin; Warren Fawley; Kate E Dingle; Sarah Oakley; Kazimierz Wanelik; John M Finney; Melina Kachrimanidou; Catrin E Moore; Sherwood Gorbach; Thomas V Riley; Derrick W Crook; Tim E A Peto; Mark H Wilcox; A Sarah Walker Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-08-16 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: L Silvia Muñoz-Price; Ryan Hanson; Siddhartha Singh; Ann B Nattinger; Annie Penlesky; Blake W Buchan; Nathan A Ledeboer; Kirsten Beyer; Sima Namin; Yuhong Zhou; Liliana E Pezzin Journal: JAMA Netw Open Date: 2020-01-03