PURPOSE: TNF-α disrupts the barrier function of cultured human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. We investigated the effects of the cytoprotective drug rebamipide on this barrier disruption by TNF-α as well as on corneal epithelial damage in a rat model of dry eye. METHODS: The barrier function of HCE cells was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance. The distribution of tight-junction (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens-junction (E-cadherin, β-catenin) proteins, and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of junctional proteins as well as phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α and myosin light chain (MLC) were examined by immunoblot analysis. A rat model of dry eye was developed by surgical removal of exorbital lacrimal glands. RESULTS: Rebamipide inhibited the disruption of barrier function as well as the downregulation of ZO-1 expression, and the disappearance of ZO-1 from the interfaces of neighboring HCE cells induced by TNF-α. It also inhibited the phosphorylation and downregulation of IκB-α, the translocation of p65 to the nucleus, the formation of actin stress fibers, and the phosphorylation of MLC induced by TNF-α in HCE cells. Treatment with rebamipide eyedrops promoted the healing of corneal epithelial defects as well as attenuated the loss of ZO-1 from the surface of corneal epithelial cells in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Rebamipide protects corneal epithelial cells from the TNF-α-induced disruption of barrier function by maintaining the distribution and expression of ZO-1 as well as the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rebamipide is, thus, a potential drug for preventing or ameliorating the loss of corneal epithelial barrier function associated with ocular inflammation.
PURPOSE: TNF-α disrupts the barrier function of cultured human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. We investigated the effects of the cytoprotective drug rebamipide on this barrier disruption by TNF-α as well as on corneal epithelial damage in a rat model of dry eye. METHODS: The barrier function of HCE cells was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance. The distribution of tight-junction (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens-junction (E-cadherin, β-catenin) proteins, and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of junctional proteins as well as phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α and myosin light chain (MLC) were examined by immunoblot analysis. A rat model of dry eye was developed by surgical removal of exorbital lacrimal glands. RESULTS:Rebamipide inhibited the disruption of barrier function as well as the downregulation of ZO-1 expression, and the disappearance of ZO-1 from the interfaces of neighboring HCE cells induced by TNF-α. It also inhibited the phosphorylation and downregulation of IκB-α, the translocation of p65 to the nucleus, the formation of actin stress fibers, and the phosphorylation of MLC induced by TNF-α in HCE cells. Treatment with rebamipide eyedrops promoted the healing of corneal epithelial defects as well as attenuated the loss of ZO-1 from the surface of corneal epithelial cells in rats. CONCLUSIONS:Rebamipide protects corneal epithelial cells from the TNF-α-induced disruption of barrier function by maintaining the distribution and expression of ZO-1 as well as the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rebamipide is, thus, a potential drug for preventing or ameliorating the loss of corneal epithelial barrier function associated with ocular inflammation.